tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91332392368774392292024-03-13T23:54:17.385-07:00Rasse BeobachterPeter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-36755587506986021542016-12-16T06:18:00.001-08:002017-01-25T12:38:48.736-08:00Rassenhygiene in Deutschland<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">'<i>I shall have no peace of mind until I have planted a seed of Nordic blood wherever the population stands in need of regeneration</i>.'</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">INTRODUCTION</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9AxuDhgkEWk/VkN9Oya_zxI/AAAAAAAAcg8/hWZF0vYfC6Y/s640/Race%2B-%2BTitle%2BBlock.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">At the heart of the Völkisch philosophy that underpinned National Socialism was the concept of '<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">rasse</a>' (<i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">race</a></i>), and there were two streams of thought that fed this fundamental concept.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">for more information about the concept of race go to:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/der-begriff-der-rasse-concept-of-race.html" target="_blank">Der Begriff der Rasse</a></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6LJCgm5aWXE/WFGhDHxCa8I/AAAAAAAAc1c/xBLGLsUK8T8_hRlT7v1KGWaxXv9nG0R0gCLcB/s1600/%2BMadame%2BBlavatsky%2B2%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6LJCgm5aWXE/WFGhDHxCa8I/AAAAAAAAc1c/xBLGLsUK8T8_hRlT7v1KGWaxXv9nG0R0gCLcB/s200/%2BMadame%2BBlavatsky%2B2%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/die-geheimlehre.html" target="_blank">Madame Blavatsky</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n5K2gxVSKOo/WFGg4-oiXtI/AAAAAAAAc1Y/oOMqvZQnTFoq8SvV5EGSC1ayHCZfZBzuwCLcB/s1600/Lanz%2Bvon%2BLiebenfels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n5K2gxVSKOo/WFGg4-oiXtI/AAAAAAAAc1Y/oOMqvZQnTFoq8SvV5EGSC1ayHCZfZBzuwCLcB/s200/Lanz%2Bvon%2BLiebenfels.jpg" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html" target="_blank">Lanz von Liebenfels</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">One stream, feeding the concept of 'race' was the occult teachings of individuals such as <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/die-geheimlehre.html" target="_blank">Madame Blavatsky</a>, <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html" target="_blank">Lanz von Liebenfels</a> and <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/dietrich-eckart-hitlers-mentor.html" target="_blank">Dietrich Eckart</a> (teachings derived from the most ancient of sources), and the other stream was derived from more recent speculation, fed by advances and discoveries in the biological science, and particularly genetics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">To a certain extent the latter 'stream' (the biological and genetic stream of thought) was not crucial, however, it very thoroughly paved the way for a more willing acceptance of the basically occult teachings on race - and made it far easier for those who took a 'rationalist' stance (mainly members of the 'Bildungsbürgertum' - hangovers of the so-called 'Enlightenment') to to give credence and support to the less well known, and to them, 'doubtful' teachings, derived from ancient wisdom and occult revelation.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-98tj2FxWnMg/WFGhrQN9NxI/AAAAAAAAc1k/7kN8W5mcCiAhGHtheWE_xjFOfDoR7EgHACLcB/s1600/Eckart_Bauer__500x576_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-98tj2FxWnMg/WFGhrQN9NxI/AAAAAAAAc1k/7kN8W5mcCiAhGHtheWE_xjFOfDoR7EgHACLcB/s200/Eckart_Bauer__500x576_.jpg" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/dietrich-eckart-hitlers-mentor.html" target="_blank">Dietrich Eckart</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">And so it was possible for most levels of German society to accept the necessity of eugenics and 'Rassenhygiene' as a means to counteract the effects of '<i>Rassen Entartung</i>' (racial degeneration) and thereby create a strong and healthy Reich.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">What many Germans (and others), in the early days of the Third Reich, had practically no awareness of, however, was the fact that 'Regenerierung' (regeneration), in <i>biological terms</i>, was only the first step to an overarching process.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This process would not only create a pure race, but also regenerate all aspects of society, culture, and eventually spirituality - for as Adolf Hitler had explained to his closest associates - </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">the process of </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Regenerierung' would be</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;">'<i>an </i></span></span><span style="color: #cfe2f3; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>act of creation, a divine operation, </i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cfe2f3;"><i>the goal of a biological mutation which would result in an unprecedented exaltation of the human race, and the appearance of a new race of heroes, demi-gods and god-men</i>'</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">see: <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html" target="_blank">The Genesis of the Übermensch</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But that was a hope for the future - and here we must go back to the Second Reich, and the various individuals in the scientific community who gradually became aware of the necessity to impose some form of 'Rassenhygiene' on the Germanic people, in order to prevent the effects of '<i>Rassen Entartung</i>' (dysgenics - see below) destroying the race.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>_________________________________</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">EUGENICS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">A GENERAL INTRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Overview</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The decline in 'genotypic' intelligence coincided with the dissemination of information about contraception.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">For several centuries prior to 1800, married couples had natural fertility, essentially uninfluenced by efforts to limit it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">During this period, there was a strong taboo against sex outside of marriage, and many people never had children because they were too poor to marry.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Illegitimacy was rare and infant mortality was high, especially among the lower classes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Harsh though it may have been, natural selection operated to maintain a healthy population, and to keep intelligence gradually increasing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Then in the early 1800s, several books on contraception were published.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These ideas naturally affected the reading classes disproportionately.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Goodyear perfected the vulcanization of rubber, making it an ideal material for the mass production of condoms and diaphragms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By the middle of the century, it was becoming apparent that educated people were having fewer children than the uneducated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Charles Darwin worried about the fact that "<i>the scum</i>" of society were so prolific, and expressed deep concern about the future of civilization because natural selection had ceased to operate.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton, coined the term '<i>Eugenics</i>', and was its main proponent:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Eugenics</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When one speaks on the subject of 'Eugenics' one must first state a few words on the subject of 'Utilitarianism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Within the philosophy of 'Utilitarianism' we find that those things which have utility, i.e. things of practical use, which fulfilling a survival need are given greater importance than things which are purely aesthetics, i.e. things of an emotional, artistic, or abstract nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Utilitarianism is most commonly understood in the maxim; 't<i>he needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few or the one</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Simply put, two people in a group of three wish to do one thing when the other wishes to do something else, by default the wishes of the two is of greater importance than the wishes of the one, unless other variables are added to the equation, such as the actions of the two having a negative impact on a group outside of the three.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hence what must be determined is who the '<i>many</i>' are and who the '<i>few'</i> are.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If this phrase is applied to humankind in general then the grand scope of utilitarianism is realized, and taken to its logical conclusion the '<i>many</i>' are found to not be those who currently live, but rather all future generations of humankind who may come to exist, and who may come to either benefit or suffer from the decisions or actions of their predecessors.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hence the philosophy of 'Eugenics' is what is considered to be a 'Utilitarian' philosophy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE RACE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Eugenics' is the 'Utilitarian' philosophy and science concerned with making people better.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The word 'Eugenics' is the combination of two root Greek words '<i>eu</i>' meaning 'good', and '<i>gen</i>' meaning '<i>creation</i>', hence 'Eugenics' means '<i>good creation</i>' or '<i>good genetics</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Though many believe the philosophy of 'Eugenics' to be relatively new in human history, it is actually one of the oldest philosophies known to humankind, predating even agriculture.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The ancients recognized the self evident truth that offspring are commonly born displaying the traits of their parents.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ancient civilizations utilized this knowledge in the form of animal husbandry, and also in the circles of aristocratic breeding via arranged marriages.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Put simply the philosophy and science of Eugenics is the selective breeding of certain traits shown to be beneficial to a species, or the production a desired offspring, which displays the traits bred in them by the continual selection of specific traits over generations of controlled breeding practices.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In essence the science and philosophy of 'Eugenics' takes evolutionary selection out of the realm of nature and makes it a <i>consciously</i> directed act.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The theory of evolution is perfect in its simplicity, and describes how all living beings on earth are bound by the principals of <i>mutation</i> and <i>natural selection</i>, i.e. that all species (including humans) respond to <i>environmental conditions,</i> over lengthy periods of time, by <i>adapting </i>to changes in that species environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This adaptation occurs via '<i>selection</i>', which is the process of those who are born with a genetic mutation that proves to give them a survival advantage over others of their species, being more likely to pass their mutation to future generations, due to their greater likelihood of <i>surviving</i> to breeding age.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In wild animals this process of natural selection is easily witnessed when the slowest gazelle is overcome by the lion allowing the faster gazelle to pass on its genes to future offspring.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Likewise the faster more cunning lion makes the kill, fending off hunger allowing it to pass on its superior hunting genes on to future generations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This principal is best expressed in the maxim '<i>survival of the fittest</i>', coined by Herbert Spencer in 1864, and later used as a metaphor for the principal of natural selection by Charles Darwin in the fifth edition of 'Origin of Species'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">All this appears to be obvious, but what becomes of a species that has reached the pinnacle of the evolutionary clime, becoming the very top of the food chain ?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">What becomes of a species, with such advanced technological understanding and social structures that this species is able to keep the least fit of their species alive to breeding age, when otherwise the least fit would have perished under natural circumstances?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The theory of 'devolution' or more correctly '<i>degeneration'</i> (<i>Entartung</i>) is equally as perfect as the theory of evolution in its simplicity, and states that a species becomes stagnant, and will actually regress and degenerate if it allows those who are the least fit to pass on their genes to future generations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Common sense dictates that the traits which allow humankind to flourish are the traits of high intellect and physical health, high intellect being of prime importance above physical attributes such as strength and speed, though these are also of importance to an individual’s survival.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Likewise the lack of these attributes and hence the abilities that they bestow take away the survival advantage of the individual.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: center;">EUGENICS IN 20th CENTURY EUROPE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The modern philosophy of Eugenics was born out of an environment of social collapse and the decadence of the once noble societies of Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It was seized upon by the movement of Völkisch Nationalism, who sought to reestablish the dominance of the noble qualities of the Aryan race.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Decades of historical, anthropological, and archaeological research led the intellectual elites of Germany to maintain that they were the descendants of a race, which had regressed or <i>devolved </i>from its original status as the '<i>Master Race</i>' - a race which was far more <i>intelligent</i>, <i>taller</i>, and <i>stronger</i> than the average human. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This desire to<i> reclaim</i> the mantle of '<i>Master Race</i>' led to the creation of various esoteric and occult societies in Germany, culminating in the creation of the '<i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/thule-gesellschaft.html" target="_blank">Thule Gesellschaft</a>'</i>, and later the NSDAP.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the early years of the Third Reich, Hitler instituted a policy of 'Eugenics' which encouraged those <i>healthy of intellec</i>t, and of <i>physique</i> to breed en mass, while instituting programs of sterilization for those mentally or physically unfit due to genetic mutations, and euthanasia of those born so hopelessly crippled or mentally handicapped that they could not possibly live any life other than a torturous one.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In modern times, however, mercy killings are considered unethical due to a sense of compassion that would rather see a person suffer than see that suffering alleviated in death.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A further example of the National Socialist policy of Eugenics was the creation of the Schutzstaffel, (translated to defense corps, and abbreviated SS, or with stylized 'Armanen' Sig runes.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The requirements of membership the SS was first that one had to prove their Aryan ancestry back to the fourth generation, and second that one must pass the mental and physical health standards of the military as well as being a minimum of 5 foot 11 inches tall.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Despite popular myth, not having blonde hair and blue eyes did not disqualify one from becoming a member of the SS, the recessive trait of blonde hair and blue eyes was simply considered a reemergence of traits which were once more common before historical 'miscegenation' occurred with inferior races.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hitler knew that the generations of '<i>miscegenation</i>', and bad breeding practices within Europe would disqualify large numbers in the population from being considered pure members of the '<i>Master Race</i>', yet he considered White Nordic Europeans (<i>Aryans</i>) to be the closest descendants of the <i>ancient Master Race</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It should be borne in mind, however, that the creation of the 'Herrenvolk' (master race) was not the<i> final</i> goal of Hitler's ambitions, and that Eugenics and Racial Hygiene were only tools in the first steps to the<i> ultimate creation</i> - the <i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html" target="_blank">Übermensch</a></i> - which went beyond mere biology, and into the realms of the<i> metaphysical</i> and the <i>occult</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">T</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">HE</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> ORIGINS </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;">OF</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> GERMAN EUGENICS</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1890-1903 </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">German eugenics cannot be understood without examining the conjunction of circumstances that collectively account for its origin as a movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Three contexts stand out as being particularly significant in shaping the early development of race hygiene: the social problems resulting from Germany's rapid and thorough going industrialization; the professional traditions of the German medical community; and the intellectual currency of the 'selectionist' variant of social Darwinism then fashionable among certain German biologists and self-styled social theorists.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These three contexts will be dealt with in turn.</span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G0oxUeWLpoc/WE_OmJMTmWI/AAAAAAAAcx0/MBbZu-Vv7hUL25rSQqXJUE3KtKLDYoyjgCLcB/s1600/Germany-1900%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G0oxUeWLpoc/WE_OmJMTmWI/AAAAAAAAcx0/MBbZu-Vv7hUL25rSQqXJUE3KtKLDYoyjgCLcB/s320/Germany-1900%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">During the last quarter of the nineteenth century the newly unified German Empire was transformed from an agricultural into an industrial society.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The industrialization and urbanization process, expeditious and thorough as it was, produced profound changes in the social and economic structure of the young Reich, engendering a myriad of serious social tensions and problems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Had Imperial Germany not possessed a rigidly authoritarian political structure shaped primarily by the self-interest of preindustrial elites and their allies in heavy industry, the social dislocations precipitated by industrialization would not have appeared so threatening to the stability of the state and the social order, but the Kaiser- reich was certainly no democracy, and, given the stranglehold that the landed aristocracy, the military, the barons of industry, and high-ranking members of the bureaucracy had on politics, these tensions and problems could not be effectively remedied.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Foremost among the problems afflicting the Reich as a result of this combination of political immobility and rapid social change was the rise of a radical labor movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The growing number of strikes, lockouts, and other forms of labor unrest, coupled with the growing success of the officially Marxist Social Democratic Party at the polls, provoked fear and anxiety among many middle- and upper-class Germans regarding the seemingly hostile, uncontrollable, and ever- increasing industrial proletariat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, there were other social problems that were viewed by Germany's<i> Bildungsburgertum</i> as posing a threat to the proper functioning of the state.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Bildungsbürgertum' is a social class that initially emerged in mid-18th century Germany as an educated class of the bourgeoisie with an educational ideal based on idealistic values and classical antiquity. The 'Bildungsbürgertum' could be described as the intellectual and economic upper bourgeoisie in contrast to the 'Kleinbürgertum' (<i>Petite bourgeoisie</i>). The term 'Bildungsbürgertum' is a concept difficult to translate into English. The notion of the word "Bildung" has broader meaning than that of "culture", or "education", and is deeply rooted in the idea of the Enlightenment. The term also corresponds to the ideal of education in the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt. Thus, in this context, the concept of education becomes a lifelong process of human development; rather than mere training in gaining certain external knowledge or skills, education is seen as a process wherein an individual's spiritual and cultural sensibilities as well as life, personal and social skills are in a process of continual expansion and growth. </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These included an increase in various types of criminal activity; a rise in prostitution, suicides, alcohol consumption, and alcoholism; and a heightened awareness of the existence of large numbers of<i> insane</i> and <i>feebleminded</i> individuals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This latter group, the <i>mental defectives</i>, was singled out by both medical and lay observers as an especially g<i>rave social and financial liability</i> for the new Reich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These problems were hotly debated by many of Germany's academic social scientists and reform-minded religious leaders under the rubric of the 'soziale Frage' (Social Question) - a term referring to the social and political consequences of unbridled economic liberalism and the industrialization process.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although those discussing the 'social question' embraced different economic and political ideals, all agreed that some kind of 'Sozialpolitik' (social policy) was necessary to integrate Germany's proletariat (and <i>asocial subproletariat</i>) into the Reich, thereby preventing the collapse of the state. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Like most educated middle-class Germans, the early eugenicists were keenly aware of this debate and were fully cognizant of the serious social problems that plagued the Reich as a result of the industrial revolution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The increased visibility of a number of <i>asocial, nonproductive</i> types - an important component of the much-debated 'social question'- was the problem they set out to tackle using a new form of Sozialpolitik: <i>'race hygiene</i>'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">That these <i>race hygienists</i> would be inclined to offer a <i>biomedical</i> solution for social and political problems can be attributed to the second major influence that shaped their eugenics: the distinctive social, political, and intellectual traditions of the German medical community.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">All of the movement's important leaders were physicians by training, and had studied medicine before turning their attention to <i>eugenics</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Moreover, fully a third of those affiliated with the 'Deutsche Gesellschaft' during its early years were medically trained.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As physicians, the founders of German eugenics not only shared the prejudices and posture of the <i>Bildungsburgertum </i>as a whole, but were also heir to a well-defined set of assumptions about the <i>hereditary</i> nature of disease, and the role of medical professionals in safeguarding the health of the nation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The medical professionals' perception of themselves as custodians of national health, and hence of national wealth and efficiency, has a long history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In Germany it dates at least as far back as the mid-nineteenth century, when German physicians demonstrated their responsibility to the state during the so-called 'health reform movement'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Later, during the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the rise of scientific medicine and hygiene bestowed upon academic physicians, and medical professionals in general, an unprecedented level of social esteem and, indirectly, political importance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At this time many young medical professionals, eager to make a contribution to national health, turned their attention to bacteriology; - others, like some of Germany's future <i>eugenicists</i>, adopted a different approach.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Their exposure to fields of medicine that emphasized the role of <i>heredity</i> in the etiology of disease (e.g., neurology and psychiatry) led them to question the efficacy of concentrating solely on pathogens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Instead, they were convinced that serious disorders, such as <i>mental illness, feeblemindedness</i>, criminality, epilepsy, hysteria, and the tendency to tuberculosis were often<i> inherited,</i> and could quite frequently be traced back to a '<i>hereditary diseased con- stitution.'</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Many medically trained <i>race hygienists</i> argued that the surest way to improve the general level of national health was to <i>upgrade</i> the bodily constitution of all individuals in society - a task to be accomplished by means of an energetic <i>eugenics</i> program.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition to the 'social question', and the German medical tradition, there was a third influence that greatly shaped the early development of the movement: the "<i>selectionist</i>" variety of social Darwinism, popularized by Germany's most outspoken biologist, Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919), and later legitimated by the scientific writings of the Freiburg embryologist August Weismann (1834-1914).</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Charles Darwin</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Ernst Haeckel</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel</b> (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany, and developed the influential recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures ('Kunstformen der Natur'). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote 'Die Welträtsel' (1895–1899), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel). </span></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Haeckel's political beliefs were influenced by his affinity for the German Romantic movement, coupled with his acceptance of a form of Lamarckism. Rather than being a strict Darwinian, Haeckel believed that the characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with the environment and that ontogeny reflected phylogeny. He believed the social sciences to be instances of "<i>applied biology"</i>, and that phrase was picked up and used in Volkisch philosophy. In 1905, Haeckel founded a group called the Deutscher Monistenbund to promote his religious and political beliefs. This group lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco, Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn. Haeckel believed that human races evolved independently, and in parallel with each other. Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian (Aryan) was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">August Weismann</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #9fc5e8;">August Friedrich Leopold Weismann (17 January 1834 – 5 November 1914) was a German evolutionary biologist. Ernst Mayr ranked him the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century, after Charles Darwin. Weismann became the Director of the Zoological Institute and the first Professor of Zoology at Freiburg. His main contribution was the germ plasm theory, at one time also known as 'Weismannism', according to which (in a multicellular organism) inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells - the gametes such as egg cells and sperm cells. Other cells of the body - somatic cells - do not function as agents of heredity</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Haeckel went far beyond Darwin in his attempt to flesh out the larger philosophical and social meaning of the evolutionary theory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although, like Darwin, he believed in the<i> inheritance</i> of <i>acquired characteristics</i>, Haeckel always stressed Darwin's <i>selection principle</i> as the most important engine of forward directed organic change; indeed, for Haeckel, Darwinism was <i>synonymous</i> with <i>selection</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Weismann, who came to reject the possibility of the inheritance of acquired characteristics through his work on heredity, afforded Darwin's principle of natural selection an even greater role in organic and social evolution than did the author of the 'Origin of Species' himself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His famous mechanism of heredity, '<i>the continuity of the germ plasm</i>', first articulated in 1883, challenged the basic tenets of the more optimistic first-generation social Darwinists who assumed that new characteristics acquired by an organism as a result of environmental change would be transmitted to future generations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As one German social Darwinist and eugenicist expressed it,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'<i>It was Weismann's teaching regarding the separation of the germ plasm from the soma, the hereditary stuff from the body of the individual, that first allowed us to recognize the importance of Darwin's principle of selection. Only then did we comprehend that it is impossible to improve our progeny's condition by means of physical and mental training. Apart from the direct manipulation of the nucleus, only selection can preserve and improve the race.</i>'</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indeed, for those who accepted Weismann's views with respect to both heredity and the 'all-supremacy' of <i>selection</i>, eugenics was the only practical strategy to ensure<i> racial progress</i> and avert <i>racial decline</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If the ideas of Haeckel and Weismann encouraged many contemporaries to view <i>natural selection</i> as the sole agent of all organic and social progress, the writings of the two biologists also emphasized that progress was not inevitable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Under certain conditions the '<i>unfit</i>' might prosper, thereby posing a challenge to further evolutionary development.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This 'selectionist' perspective and language provided Germany's future<i> eugenicists</i> with novel tools of analysis that enabled them to come to grips with the 'social question' by transforming it into a scientific problem: the <i>asocial</i> individuals created by industrialization became for them the biologically and medically <i>unfit</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The only way to <i>eliminate</i> this group from the population was through a policy of "</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>'rational selection,'</i> or<i> race hygiene</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The significance of the three contexts is nowhere more clearly visible than in the intellectual backgrounds and early writings of Alfred Ploetz and Wilhelm Schallmayer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Working largely independently of one another during the early of the movement (1890-1903), both men laid the foundations for the future course of<i> race hygiene</i> in their country.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz's organizational talents and charismatic personality allowed him to create the institutional basis for the young movement almost single-handedly.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Alfred Ploetz</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alfred Ploetz (August 22, 1860 – March 20, 1940) was a German physician, biologist, eugenicist known for coining the term 'Rassenhygiene' (racial hygiene), and promoting the concept in Germany. 'Rassenhygiene' is a form of eugenics. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz first proposed the theory of racial hygiene (race-based eugenics) in his "Racial Hygiene Basics" (Grundlinien einer Rassenhygiene) in 1895. In 1904 Ploetz founded the periodical "Archiv für Rassen-und Gesellschaftsbiologie" with Fritz Lenz as chief editor, and in 1905 the German Society for Racial Hygiene (De Berliner Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene) with 31 members. page In 1907 the society became the "International Society for Racial Hygiene". In 1930 he became an honorary doctor of the University of Munich. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz was a supporter of the National Socialist Party, which took power in 1933. Ploetz wrote in April 1933 that he believed Adolf Hitler would bring racial hygiene from its previous marginality into the mainstream. </span></span><span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1933 Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick established an "expert advisory committee for population and racial policy," which included Ploetz, Fritz Lenz, Ernst Rüdin and Hans F.K. Günther. This expert advisory committee had the task of advising the Reich Government on the implementation and enforcement of legislation regarding racial and eugenic issues. In 1936, Hitler appointed Ploetz to a professorship. In 1937 Ploetz joined the National Socialist Party. Along with many other eugenicists in Europe and America, Ploetz believed in the superiority of the Nordic race, and he favored the global dominance of the Aryan race. His writings were a major influence on Völkisch ideology.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Wilhelm Schallmayer</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wilhelm Schallmayer (10 February 1857 in Mindelheim - 4 October 1919 in Krailling ) was a German physician. Along with Alfred Ploetz he was founder of the 'racial hygiene' movement in Germany, and one of the first champions of eugenics. Wilhelm Schallmayer studied jurisprudence and philosophy, but then turned to the study of medicine in Leipzig and Munich. In 1891 he wrote a treatise, 'Über die drohende körperliche Entartung der Kulturmenschheit', although he is best known for the award-winning magazine 'Vererbung und Auslese im Lebenslauf der Völker'. published in 1903.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer's treatises on <i>eugenics</i> defined the significant theoretical and practical problems that would occupy German eugenicists for decades.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz was born in 1860 into an upper-middle-class family in Swinemiinde on the Baltic Sea.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although details of his early life remain sketchy, he had become acquainted with the works of Darwin and Haeckel while still at the Gymnasium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Even before he began to study economics at the University of Breslau in 1884, he developed a strong interest in the 'soziale Frage'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As he stated in his memoirs, the popular novels of Felix Dahn, professor of early German history, as well as works of other enthusiasts of Germany's Teutonic past, awakened his interest in the Germanic race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Indeed, Ploetz became so obsessed with the glories of the old Teutonic tribes that he and several friends took an oath under an oak tree to do everything in their power to elevate the Germanic race to the level it had allegedly attained a thousand years earlier.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Felix Dahn</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Ein Kampf um Rom</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Felix Ludwig Julius Dahn (9 February 1834 – 3 January 1912) was a German nationalist, lawyer, author and historian. He was also known for writing nationalist poetry. Julius Sophus Felix Dahn was born in Hamburg. Dahn began his studies in law and philosophy in Munich and graduated as Doctor of Law in Berlin. After his habilitation treatise, Dahn became lecturer of German Law in Munich in 1857. In 1863 he became senior lecturer/associate professor in Würzburg, received a professorship in Königsberg (in 1872, and in 1888 he relocated to University of Breslau, again as a full professor, and was elected rector of the university in 1895. He belonged, as an honorary member, to the association "Germania," a nationalistic organisation, and was one of the leaders of the far right of Alldeutscher Verband. Dahn was also honorary doctor in Medicine, and in Philosophy. A month before his 78th birthday, Dahn died in Breslau. He was married to Therese von Droste-Hülshoff (1845-1929). Dahn's writings were extremely influential in forming the conception of the European history unfolding during the first millennium CE which dominated German-speaking countries during the late 19th and early 20th century. His multi-volume 'Prehistory of the Germanic and Roman Peoples', a chronology of the European Völkerwanderung (Migration Period), that first appeared in print in 1883, was so definitive that abbreviated versions were reprinted until the late 1970s. His works contributed to the foundation of National Socialism in Germany, while his book 'Ein Kampf um Rom' encouraged a "völkisch avant-garde" who opposed ethnic mixing.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz had recognized the need for a separate discipline, dedicated to the hereditary improvement of the race - a discipline more effective in eliminating disease than the thankless "Sisyphean labor" carried out by modern therapeutic medicine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz then published 'Die Tiichtigkeit unsrer Rasse und der Schutz der Schwachen' (The fitness of our race and the protection of the weak) in 1895.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although initially his book did not generate much public interest, it raised the broad biological, social, and ethical problems that created the need for race hygiene in the first place.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It also revealed the<i> technocratic</i> logic underlying eugenic thought.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The major thrust of Ploetz's argument recalls Darwin's personal dilemma in the 'Descent of Man': How can human beings reconcile the inevitable conflict between the humanitarian ideals and practices of the noblest part of our nature with the interest of the race, whose biological efficiency is allegedly impaired by those very ideals and practices?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Translated into concrete economic and political terms, Ploetz viewed the problem as follows: Should the state continue to expand the 'social net' and regulate various aspects of economic life in order to lessen the hardship of the weak and economically underprivileged, at the risk of undermining the overall biological fitness of its citizens ? Would not health, accident, and old-age insurance invariably lead to an increase in the number of unfit, perhaps at the expense of the fittest members of society ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz was not oblivious to the serious moral and social issues raised by this alleged conflict.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As important as preventing 'Entartung' (degeneration) was for him, Ploetz did not believe in ignoring the needs of the present generation; the danger of 'Entartung' was not a signal for Germany to abandon health and welfare legislation, despite its counter selective effects.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Concern about the concept of 'Entartung', (which was accepted as a serious medical term), had been steadily growing in German speaking countries during the 19th Century. The use of the term reflected the views held by many people in Europe, and especially</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire,</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> at the time, that society was degenerating. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The theory of degeneration found its first detailed presentation in the writings of Bénédict Morel (1809–1873), especially in his 'Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine' (Treatise on Degeneration of the Human Species) (1857). This book was published two years before Darwin's Origin of Species. Morel was a highly regarded psychiatrist. One solution to this problem was offered in '<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/the-doctrine-of-regeneration.html" target="_blank">die Lehre von der Regenerierun</a>', as promulgated from Bayreuth (follow the link for more information)</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The solution to these pressing conflicts was the substitution of a <i>humane</i> and <i>scientific </i>policy of "<i>rational selection</i>" for the inhumane and inefficient process of natural selection.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Unlike the existing personal hygiene movement, with its concern for the health of the individual, the<i> new hygiene</i> would direct its attention to improving the<i> hereditary fitness </i>of the human race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ploetz named it 'Rassenhygiene'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Considering Ploetz's own enthusiasm for all things Teutonic, and the heated controversy in some quarters that later ensued over the use of the word 'Rassenhygiene' as a synonym for eugenics, it is worth examining what he meant by the term.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His definition of 'Rasse' (race) is ambiguous and difficult to translate into English.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Roughly speaking, Ploetz seems to view as a 'Rasse' any interbreeding human population that, over the course of generations,continues to demonstrate similar physical and mental traits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, Ploetz described 'race hygiene' as the measures needed to ensure "<i>the optimal preservation and development of the race"</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In later publications Ploetz explained that 'Rassenhygiene' had a much larger scope than the English term 'eugenics', embracing not only those measures designed to<i> improve</i> the hereditary quality of a population, but also those aimed at achieving its <i>optimal size</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As an alternative, he could later have used the Germanized form of the word eugenics, 'Eugenik'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Ploetz states that Germanic stock probably represents the best portion of the "Aryan race," he is primarily concerned here with whites in general.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His views regarding the cultural superiority of Aryan race, however, (see <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/aryanism-and-third-reich.html" target="_blank">Aryanism and Aesthetics</a>) were not fundamentally different from those of Schallmayer, or indeed from those of most European intellectuals of his time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Ploetz discussed the merits of the Aryan race at length, and defined the terms Rasse and Rassenhygiene, the major purpose of his book lay elsewhere.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Above all, Ploetz sought to reconcile the apparent conflict between the Darwinian world view and the humanitarian-socialist ideal through a conscious policy of "<i>control over variation</i>" by the</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> 'utopian' vision of pushing selection back to the </span><i style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">prefertilization</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> stage - a form of germplasm selection.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">According to this plan, the genetically best germ cells of all breeding couples would be chosen as the hereditary endowment for the next generation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Ploetz's particular solution to the "<i>degeneration problem</i>" was unfeasible, and was never seriously entertained by any of Germany's race hygienists, it embodied the view, shared by Schallmayer and later by other eugenicists, that population was a resource amenable to "<i>rational management</i>."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As such, it was a<i> biomedical solution</i> to <i>socio-political problems</i>: eugenics experts, armed with their knowledge of evolutionary theory and the<i> laws of heredity</i>, would solve the 'social question' with the aid of science.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Ploetz's work was the first to employ the term 'Rassenhygiene', it was not the first treatise on 'eugenics' to be published in Germany.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The author of the earliest such tract was the Bavarian physician Wilhelm Schallmayer (see brief biography above).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer's intellectual biography and early career closely parallel those of Ploetz. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer was born in Mindelheim, Bavaria.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Despite the interest he shared with Ploetz in the 'soziale Frage', Schallmayer's concern was purely theoretical - at least until he realized that a faulty social and economic system could have grave eugenic consequence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Precisely when Schallmayer became interested in eugenics is unknown.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It seems likely, however, that his work in the psychiatric clinic led him to doubt the value of medicine for improving the health of the race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A self-proclaimed social Darwinist, and an admirer of Haeckel (see above), he could not have failed to see the connection between his clinical experience and the articulation of the <i>counter selective</i> effects of medicine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer's own experiences working with mental defectives, coupled with his "<i>selectionist</i>" outlook, accounted for his own indictment of therapeutic medicine in his first eugenic treatise, a short work entitled 'Uber die drohende korperliche Entartung der Kulturmenschheit' (Concerning the threatening physical degeneration of civilized humanity).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Published in 1891, and reprinted under a slightly different title in 1895, it was Germany's first eugenic tract.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although Schallmayer's slim volume attracted even less attention than Ploetz's treatise would four years later, it touched on the social, economic, and political justifications for eugenics, and it offered such practical proposals as the creation of medical genealogies and health passports, and the introduction of marriage restrictions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer's book also stressed the role of physicians and the importance of <i>education </i>and <i>propaganda</i> as the most effective means of achieving eugenic goals - two hallmarks of German race hygiene policy until 1933.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Most important, however, Schallmayer's treatise emphasized the<i> technocratic logic</i> and the <i>cost-benefit analysis</i> that later so influenced the race hygiene movement.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1897, after he had acquired sufficient means to give up his lucrative medical practice in Dusseldorf, Schallmayer settled down as 'Privatgelehrter'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His newly acquired freedom afforded him the time to compose a second eugenic treatise with the specific intention of submitting it to the 'Krupp Preisausschreiben' (Krupp Writing Prize).</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Friedrich Alfred Krupp<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ludwig Noster 1896</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1900 Friedrich Krupp, son of Essen's munitions baron Alfred Krupp, set aside 30,000 marks to be used in a contest to answer the question: 'What can we learn from the theory of evolution about internal political development and state legislation ?'</span><br />
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Friedrich Alfred Krupp (17 February 1854 – 22 November 1902) was a German steel manufacturer of the company Krupp. He was the son of Alfred Krupp, and inherited the family business when his father died in 1887. Whereas his father had largely supplied iron and steel, Friedrich shifted his company's production back to arms manufacturing. Friedrich greatly expanded Krupp and acquired the 'Germaniawerf' in 1896 which gave him control of warship manufacturing in Germany. He oversaw the development of nickel steel, U-boats, the diesel engine, and much more. He died in 1902 of apparent suicide (possibly because of allegations made against him regarding his sexual liaisons with boys). His daughter Bertha inherited the company.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It seems likely that Krupp, an amateur biologist, greatly resented Social Democratic attempts to use Darwin's theory in support of socialism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wishing to remain anonymous, Krupp delegated most of the responsibility for the contest to politically sympathetic scholars, with Ernst Haeckel (see above) brought in as a figurehead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On 7 March 1903 the prize committee announced that first prize in the contest was awarded to Schallmayer's 'Vererbung und Auslese im Lebenslauf der Volker' (Heredity and selection in the life process of nations), a dense 381-page treatise representing, in Heinrich Ernst Ziegler's appraisal, a '<i>hygienic-sociological'</i> approach to the question. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer certainly saw the practical and political aims of his book as timely.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Whereas the nineteenth century had been concerned with Darwin's evolutionary hypothesis on a purely theoretical level, '<i>the twentieth century,</i>' argued Schallmayer, '<i>is called upon to apply the theory of descent to everyday life</i>.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The book's central theme was the rational management of national efficiency.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The real political lesson to be learned from Darwin's theory was that long-term state power depended upon the<i> biological vitality </i>of the nation; - neglect of the hereditary fitness of its population, such as might result from unenlightened laws and customs, was '<i>bad politics'</i> and would inevitably result in the <i>downfall of the state</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hence the wise politician '<i>would recognize that the future of his nation is dependent on the good management of its human resources.</i>'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the interest of <i>self-preservation</i>, he argued, it was imperative that Germany take an active part in regulating the overall biological efficiency of its citizens by embarking on a political program that would encourage the <i>biologically best</i> elements in society to reproduce more than those with objectionable hereditary traits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Eugenics, or 'Vererbungshygiene' (hereditary hygiene), as he still called it, was the perfect tool to ensure a<i> strong and healthy state.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schallmayer also presented his readers with a series of eugenics reforms, but he was very cautious in the area of negative eugenics.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although he clearly believed that marriage restrictions for the insane, the feebleminded, the chronic alcoholic, and other defectives were in the best interest of the state, and the race, he refrained from openly supporting state legislation as a means to this end.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Until such time as more exact information regarding the laws of heredity was known, and enough detailed genealogies could be amassed, he felt that eugenicists would have to concentrate on voluntary measures.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He emphasized positive eugenics: convincing the "fitter" groups in society to increase their fertility rate.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The question of course remained, <i>'which groups were, biologically speaking, the fittest ?</i>' Schallmayer assumed that biology would one day decide the question objectively.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Krupp competition marked a turning point both in Schallmayer's personal career and in the attention paid to eugenics in Germany.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Prior to this time Schallmayer and Ploetz were virtually lone prophets in their eugenics crusade.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Only in the years immediately following the publication of 'Vererbung und Auslese', in 1903, were the first institutional steps undertaken to transform an idea into a movement: the creation of Germany's most respected eugenics journal, and the foundation of a race hygiene society.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Archiv fur Rassen und Gesellschafts-Biologie', the first journal in the world dedicated to eugenics, was founded by Ploetz in 1904.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although there is no direct evidence linking the creation of the journal with the results of the Krupp contest, it seems likely that the scientific recognition, and public attention given eugenics in the immediate aftermath of the Preisausschreiben at least suggested to Ploetz, and his two assistant editors, the sociologist and economist Anastasius Nordenholz and the zoologist Ludwig Plate, that a more organized and '<i>strictly scientific</i>' manner of discourse on the subject was possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Without openly admitting it, the editors of the 'Archiv' sought to establish a more clearly focused, and academically prestigious form of the 'Politisch-anthropologische Revue' - a journal that occasionally carried articles on eugenics-related issues, but was not taken seriously by some professionals because of its unmistakably völkisch tone.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The völkisch movement had its origins in Romantic nationalism, as it was expressed by early Romantics such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte in his 'Reden an die deutsche Nation', 1808 - especially the eighth address, '<i>What is a Volk, in the higher sense of the term, and what is love of the fatherland ?</i>', where he answered his question of what could warrant the noble individual's striving '<i>and his belief in the eternity and the immortality of his work,</i>' by replying that it could only be that '<i>particular spiritual nature of the human environment out of which he himself, with all of his thought and action... has arisen, namely the people from which he is descended and among which he has been formed and grown into that which he is</i>"'. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The movement combined patriotic interest in German folklore, local history and a 'back-to-the-land' anti-urban populism. In part this ideology was a revolt against modernity. The dream was for a self-sufficient life lived with a mystical relation to the land; it was a reaction to the cultural alienation of the Industrial revolution and the 'progressive' liberalism of the later 19th century and its urbane materialist banality. The racial element in </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> völkisch philosophy meant that is was, in its later development, strongly associated with eugenics and racial hygiene.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Archiv' sought to attract a wide variety of articles bearing on the 'optimal' preservation and development of the race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It included entries not only by Germany's prominent race hygienists, but also from individuals who in no sense considered themselves eugenicists.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Most of the articles appearing in the journal during the Wilhelmine period fall into one of five categories: technical articles dealing with genetics and evolution by such leading biologists as Weismann, Plate, Ziegler, Richard Semon, Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, Erich von Tschermak, and Wilhelm Johannsen; entries concerned with so-called degenerative phe</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">nomena (insanity, alcoholism etc.); articles preoccupied with the dysgenic effects of certain social institutions and practices (medicine, welfare, etc.) and the social and economic costs of 'protecting the weak'; studies pertaining to the need for population increase, and the hazards of neo-Malthusianism; and a number of anthropological contributions, including high-quality entries from the eminent anthropologist Franz Boas.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Thomas Robert Malthus</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 29 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert. In his book 'An Essay on the Principle of Population', Malthus observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the wellbeing of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level. In other words, mankind had a propensity to utilize abundance for population growth rather than for maintaining a high standard of living, a view that has become known as the 'Malthusian trap' or the 'Malthusian spectre'. Populations had a tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship and want and greater susceptibility to famine and disease, a view that is sometimes referred to as a Malthusian catastrophe. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible. He saw population growth as being inevitable whenever conditions improved, thereby precluding real progress towards a utopian society: '<i>The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man</i>'.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Besides publishing rather specialized and lengthy articles, the 'Archiv' also tried to keep its readers abreast of developments in eugenics through its numerous book reviews and announcements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Its volumes were substantial - the four quarterly issues together often totaled more than six hundred pages.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Its national and international reputation as a highly respected scholarly publication notwithstanding, the journal did little to spread the eugenics gospel in Germany beyond the small group of professionals already committed to the new discipline.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The second institutional development was the formation of the 'Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene' (Society for Race Hygiene) - the world's first professional eugenics organization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Founded in Berlin on 22 June 1905 by Ploetz, Nordenholz, the psychiatrist Ernst Rudin (who was also Ploetz's former brother-in-law), and the ethnologist Richard Thurnwald, the society had as its aim '<i>the study of the relationship of selection and elimination among individuals as well as the inheritance and variability of their physical and mental traits</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There is little doubt that Ploetz always intended the society, which had begun with only twenty-four members, to be international.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Since the word Rasse was frequently used by Ploetz as a synonym for 'white race', any race hygiene society worthy of the name had to transcend national boundaries and embrace individuals from all white 'civilized' nations, yet it was not until 1907 that the Gesellschaft was able to attract anyone from other countries, at which time it became the 'Internationale Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Two local groups of the Gesellschaft, in Berlin and Munich, were formed soon after.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Although the total membership remained small, it also grew steadily, and the occupational and class backgrounds of the members of the two societies continued to mirror those of its founders and leaders.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In both the international and the German society 'Bildungsbiirger' (see above) dominated the membership.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, the medical professionals made up the single largest group in both organizations, accounting for approximately one third of those affiliated with the two societies.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It seems likely that the self-image of German physicians as custodians of the nation's health had much to do with the disproportionate number of prominent physicians, hygienists, and professors of medicine in the early movement.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Of the academics from other fields enrolled in the two societies, most were professors of zoology and anthropology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition to Ernst Haeckel (see above) and August Weismann, who as honorary members probably did not participate much in its activities, the Deutsche Gesellschaft included such distinguished biologists as Ludwig Plate, Heinrich Ernst Ziegler, and Erwin Baur.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The writings of Wilhelmine Germany's race hygienists exhibit some common themes and concerns. The primary intellectual preoccupation of the early movement was with collecting and analyzing data on degeneration.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The psychiatrist Ernst Riidin wrote numerous studies dealing with the inheritance of insanity - emphasizing the <i>Mendelian </i>nature of the transmission of various kinds of mental disorders.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Gregor Johann Mendel</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #9fc5e8; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gregor Johann Mendel (20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austro-German scientist and Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of <i>Mendelian inheritance</i>. The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century (more than three decades later) with the independent rediscovery of these laws. Erich von Tschermak, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and William Jasper Spillman independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings, ushering in the modern age of genetics.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Agnes Bluhm, Germany's only prominent female eugenicist, concentrated on proving the degenerative effects of alcohol on future generations, and studying the decreased ability of German women to breastfeed their infants.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Other eugenicists reported on such topics as the increase in venereal disease in large cities, and its impact on the race, and the need to reform Germany's penal code along eugenic lines.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By and large the tone of these studies was scientific, not popular; they seem to have been written less to stir people to action than to communicate abstract information.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Like eugenicists in the United States and Britain, the Germans also analyzed the <i>cost</i> of maintaining the army of the unfit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The word most often used to describe these individuals was '<i>Minderwertigen</i>' - a term that literally means '<i>the less valuable'</i>, and was frequently employed as a synonym for non-productive people.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Certainly the 'Umschau', a popular science journal, used the word in this way when, in 1911, it sponsored a written contest entitled: '<i>What do the inferior elements (Minderwertigen) cost the state and society ?</i>'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Accepting the premise that '<i>all efforts to improve the environment break down in the face of hereditary sickness and inferiority</i>', the sponsors of the competition suggested to potential contestants that only a reduction in the number of '<i>minus variants'</i> would allow society to continue to preserve the life of all those living.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In his commentary on the cost of the unfit, Ignaz Kaup, professor of hygiene and member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft, reported on the results of a seminar held to discuss the subject.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Since he doubted that the German people were ready to accept American-style sterilization methods as a means of alleviating the problem, some way of physically separating the 'unfit' from the rest of society was necessary.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">False humanitarian considerations were not appropriate, since 'all forward-striving nations had the duty to ease the burden of the cost of the inferior as much as possible.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Recognizing that the Minderwertigen were a financial burden to the state who "d<i>espite the expenditure paid out on their behalf are almost never in the position during their working lives to repay the money spent on them</i>," Kaup recommended the creation of work colonies, where they could be prevented from having inferior children and could be made to earn their keep at the same time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At this time, however, most German eugenicists would have been satisfied with some form of permanent institutionalization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As World War I approached, a third emphasis of the Wilhelmine eugenics movement came to the fore: 'Bevolkerungspolitik' (population policy).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While Germany's eugenicists did, of course, aim at instituting a eugenically healthy qualitative population policy, there was a marked tendency throughout the last years of the Second Reich to view the prevention of a decline in population growth as an important measure in its own right.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As early as 1904 Alfred Grotjahn spoke of the '<i>growth of population quantity</i>' as the '<i>conditio sine qua non of a rational prophylaxis against degeneration'.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Later the issue had become more pressing: as Schallmayer put it in 1915, arresting population decline was nothing short of '<i>a matter of survival for the German nation'</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In order to understand why German eugenicists became obsessed with the population question, it is worth briefly considering the pre-war demographic, social, and political changes in Germany that colored their intellectual perspective.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On the surface there seemed little cause for alarm.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wilhelmine Germany was the second most populous country in Europe; it had also witnessed a very substantial population increase of twenty-four million people between 1871 and 1910.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Yet this healthy population growth owed far more to the dramatic decline in the death rate, particularly the infant mortality rate, than to a growth in fertility, indeed Germany, like all Western industrialized nations, experienced a steady birth-rate decline during the last third of the nineteenth and first third of the twentieth centuries.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Between 1902 and 1914, for example, the Reich suffered an 8.3 per thousand drop in the number of live births.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This, and the steady decline in the excess of births over deaths after 1902 gave statisticians and eugenicists cause to expect an eventual population standstill, or even a decline.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Many sought to account for Germany's declining birthrate; however much their explanations differed, all investigators agreed on two points: that the actual decline in population growth was less frightening than the prospect that Germany's situation might soon begin to mirror French demographic realities, and that the drop in the birthrate was deliberate, and was directly related to the practice of birth control methods advanced by supporters of neo-Malthusianism (see Malthus - above).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">RACIAL POLICY OF THE THIRD REICH</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The racial policy of the Third Reich was expressed in a set of policies and laws implemented between 1933–45 based on a specific racial doctrine asserting the superiority of the '<i>Aryan Race</i>', which claimed scientific legitimacy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">ADOLF HITLER - EUGENICS and DYSGENICS</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Racialism and the concept of competition were termed 'Social Darwinism', and were discussed by European scientists, and also in the Vienna press during the 1920s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">From where Hitler obtained his considerable knowledge and understanding of Eugenics is uncertain, however, t</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">he theory of evolution had been generally accepted in Germany at the time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In Hitler's 'Zweites Buch' (</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Second Book), which was unpublished during the period of the Third Reich, Hitler praised Sparta, (using ideas perhaps borrowed from Ernst Haeckel), adding that he considered Sparta to be the first truly '<i>Völkisch State</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He endorsed what he perceived to be an early eugenics treatment of deformed children:</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler - Festung Landsberg - 1924</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>'Sparta must be regarded as the first Völkisch State. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction, was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject, and indeed at any price, and yet takes the life of a hundred thousand healthy children in consequence of birth control or through abortions, in order subsequently to breed a race of degenerates burdened with illnesses'</i></span></blockquote>
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Adolf Hitler - 'Zweites Buch' </div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler read much about racial hygiene during his imprisonment in Landsberg Prison in 1924.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hitler believed the nation had become weak, corrupted by 'dysgenics', - the infusion of <i>degenerate</i> elements into its bloodstream.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dysgenics is the study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of defective or disadvantageous genes and traits in offspring of a particular population or species.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The adjective "dysgenic" is the antonym of "eugenic".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It was first used c. 1915 by David Starr Jordan, describing the dysgenic effects of World War I.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">David Starr Jordan</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was an American ichthyologist, educator, and Eugenicist. He was president of Indiana University and was the founding president of Stanford University</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jordan showed that healthy men were as likely to die in modern warfare as anyone else, and that war killed only the physically healthy men of the populace whilst preserving the disabled at home.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dysgenic mutations have been studied in animals such as the mouse and the fruit fly.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the context of human genetics, a 'dysgenic effect' is the observed tendency of a reduction in <i>selection pressures </i>and decreased infant mortality since the Industrial Revolution resulting in the <i>increased</i> propagation of <i>deleterious traits</i> and <i>genetic disorders</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Richard Lynn in his 'Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations' (1996) identified three main concerns: deterioration in health, in intelligence and in conscientiousness.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Prof. Richard Lynn</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />Richard Lynn (born 1930) is an English professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Ulster, and assistant editor of the journal 'Mankind Quarterly'. Professor Lynn studies intelligence, and is known for his research into the <i>racial differences</i> in intelligence.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Professor Lynn's major thesis in Dysgenics is that scientific evidence has proved the Eugenicists were absolutely right in their concerns about genetic deterioration, and that post war western societies have made a serious mistake by discounting such concerns.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Studies of twins, and adoption studies, have established beyond any doubt the essential role of <i>heredity</i> in determining IQ.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Identical twins, separated at birth, have practically identical IQ's.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When adopted children grow up, they resemble their <i>biological parents</i> more closely than their adoptive parents in IQ (proving the dominance of <i>nature</i> (<i>inheritance</i>) over nurture (culture).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Just as the Eugenicists assumed, social mobility over centuries has produced a social class gradient for intelligence, and social class is determined partly by innate intelligence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">One U.S. study found that in families with two or more brothers, the boys with higher IQ's tended to move up the SES ladder when they grew up, whereas those with lower IQ's tended to move down.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Also, the evidence shows that as a society we are <i>deteriorating</i> genetically because the <i>most intelligent </i>people are having the <i>fewest</i> children.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Throughout our evolution, the weak and diseased died <i>young</i> and did not pass on their genes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Now, because of modern medicine, people with numerous genetic diseases live long enough to reproduce and transmit <i>defective </i>genes to their children. (Examples: cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, diabetes, pyloric stenosis, various heart defects, thalassemia, phenylketonuria, and sickle cell anemia.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The incidence of many of these disorders is doubling, and in some areas tripling each generation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As a result our genetic potential for <i>robust good health</i> is <i>declining</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Life-long care will require <i>ever-increasing expenditures</i>, furthermore, while sufferers are grateful for medical advances, most would nevertheless be quick to point out that the quality of their lives would be far better if they had never <i>inherited</i> a disease in the first place.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Conscientiousness, traditionally known as '<i>good character',</i> consists of honesty, a strong work ethic, and concern for others.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Since IQ is<i> positively correlated</i> to a number of <i>desirable traits</i> (such as altruism and middle-class values of hard work, thrift, and sacrifice), when IQ declines, so do these traits.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">People with low IQ's are far more likely to become criminals, so the fact that our genetic potential for intelligence is <i>declining </i>means our genetic potential for crime is<i> increasing</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, some evidence suggests that, despite lengthy sojourns in jail, criminals still manage to procreate at a <i>faster rate </i>than the majority.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Research on London criminals found they had nearly <i>twice</i> as many offspring as non-criminals, and those figures are almost certainly <i>underestimates</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In demographic studies of fertility, the entire category of underclass males is frequently <i>omitted</i> because reliable data on their offspring simply can't be obtained – their sexual behavior is often <i>promiscuous</i>, and their relationships transient.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Since studies of twins, and adoption studies have established that there is a substantial <i>genetic component</i> to <i>criminality</i>, the higher fertility of criminals significantly increases the genetic potential for criminality in the population.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Only recently have such facts been revealed by research as, for a considerable period after 1945 Eugenics was, quite wrongly, a 'no go' area, not only for politicians, but also for legitimate scientific research.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">EUGENICS in the THIRD REICH</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The belief in the superiority of the Aryan Race was combined with a Eugenics program that sought to produce a system of racial hygiene and Eugenics created by the control of 'Untermenschen' ("sub-humans") throughout the Reich and conquered territories.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Third Reich policies labeled residents in German territory who were not ethnic Germans, such as Jews (a Semitic people of Levantine origins), Romanis (also known as Gypsies, a people of Indian Subcontinent origins), as well as European non-Nordic peoples including Slavs (Poles, Serbs, Russians, etc.), and all other persons of color as inferior non-Aryan 'sub-humans' (i.e. non-Nordics) in a racial hierarchy that placed the '<i>Aryan Herrenvolk</i>' ('master race') of the '<i>Volksgemeinschaft</i>' ('people's community') at the top.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jews were placed near the bottom of the hierarchy, (the lowest levels including Negroid races) and considered 'inhuman' - the '<i>creation of a lesser God</i>', according to völkisch occult philosophy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Aryan Master Race', as conceived by völkisch Eugenics, graded humans on a scale of pure Aryan to non-Aryan (who were viewed as sub-humans).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At the top of the scale of pure Aryans were Germans and other Germanic peoples including the Dutch, Scandinavians, and the English, as well as other peoples such as some northern Italians and the French who were said to have a suitable admixture of Germanic blood.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The feeling that Germans were the '<i>Aryan Herrenvolk'</i> (Aryan master race) was widely spread among the German public through propaganda during the Third Reich, and had previously been made popular by periodicals (such as <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html" target="_blank">Leibenfels</a>' 'Ostara' - and the writings of <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/houston-stewart-chamberlain.html" target="_blank">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, and the teachings of <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/die-geheimlehre.html" target="_blank">Madame Blavatsky</a> in the 19th Century).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Slavs were considered as Non-Aryan Untermenschen ('sub-humans') who were to be enslaved and prevented from breeding.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Völkisch theorists believed that Germany's Teutonic ancestors had spread out from Germany throughout Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Of the German tribes that spread through Europe, the theorists identified that the Burgundians, Franks, and Western Goths joined with the Gauls to make France; the Lombards moved south and joined with the Italians; the Jutes made Denmark; the Angles and Saxons made England; the Flemings made Belgium; and other tribes made the Netherlands.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Völkisch</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> racial beliefs of the superiority of an Aryan '<i>master race'</i> arose from earlier proponents of a supremacist conception of race such as Arthur de Gobineau, who published a four-volume work titled 'An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races '(translated into German in 1897).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gobineau proposed that the Aryan race was superior, and urged the preservation of its <i>cultural</i> and racial purity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gobineau later came to use, and reserve, the term Aryan only for the 'Germanic race', and described the Aryans as 'la race germanique'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By doing so he presented a racial theory in which Aryans – that is Germans–were all that was positive.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Houston Stewart Chamberlain's work '</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts' - 1899 (</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), was one of the first to combine <i>Social Darwinism</i> with Eugenics, and describes history as a struggle for survival between the <i>Germanic</i> peoples and the <i>Jews, (</i>and Slaves and other inferior races<i>)</i>, whom he characterized as an inferior and dangerous group.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The two-volume book 'Foundations of Human Hereditary Teaching and Racial Hygiene '(1920–21) by Eugen Fischer, Erwin Baur, and Fritz Lenz, used scientific studies to conclude that the Germans were superior to the Jews <i>intellectually</i> and <i>physically</i>, and recommended <i>eugenics</i> as a solution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Madison Grant's work 'The Passing of the Great Race' (1916) advocated '<i>Nordicism</i>' and proposed using a Eugenic program to <i>preserve</i> the Nordic race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After reading the book, Hitler called it '<i>my Bible</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hans F. K. Günther who strongly influenced Völkisch ideology, wrote in his book 'Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes'</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> (Race Lore of German People) about the danger of "<i>Slavic blood of Eastern races</i>" mixing with the German, and combined nationalism with Eugenics and antisemitism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">EUGENIC LAWS DURING the THIRD REICH</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The July 1933 'Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring' – written by Ernst Rüdin and other theorists of "<i>racial hygiene</i>" – established 'Genetic Health Courts' which decided on compulsory sterilization of 'any person suffering from a hereditary disease.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These included those suffering from 'Congenital Mental Deficiency', schizophrenia, 'Manic-Depressive Insanity', 'Hereditary Epilepsy', 'Hereditary Chorea' (Huntington’s), Hereditary Blindness, Hereditary Deafness, 'any severe hereditary deformity', as well as 'any person suffering from severe alcoholism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Further modifications of the law enforced sterilization of children of mixed German and African parentage (resulting from the occupation of the Rhineland by French negro troops at the end of the Great War).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Rhineland bastard' was a derogatory term used in Germany to describe multiracial children with Caucasian, German mothers who had been fathered by Africans serving with French colonial troops during the Occupation of the Rhineland after World War I. The term can be traced back to 1919, just after World War I, when 'Entente' troops, most of them French, occupied the Rhineland. Some German women married soldiers from the occupying forces, while many others had children by them out of wedlock (hence the disparaging label 'bastards'). The resulting children numbered from 160,000 to 180,000. The occupation itself had been regarded as a national disgrace by Germans across the political spectrum, and there was a widespread tendency to consider all forms of collaboration and fraternization with the occupiers as moral (if not legal) treason. In 'Mein Kampf', Hitler described children resulting from any kind of relationship to African occupation soldiers as a contamination of the white race "<i>by Negro blood on the Rhine in the heart of Europe</i>".</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, the government of the Third Reich wanted to increase birthrates of those who were classified as racially elite.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When the NSDAP gained power in 1933, one of their first actions was to pass the 'Law for the Encouragement of Marriage'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This law stated that all newly married couples of the Aryan race could receive a government loan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This loan was not simply paid back, rather a portion of it would be forgiven after the birth of each child.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The purpose of this law was very clear and simple: to encourage newly weds to have as many children as they could, so that the Aryan population would grow.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Between 1935 and 1936, eugenic measures regarding the Jews increased apace while the process of '<i>Gleichschaltung</i>' ('standardisation', the process by which the NSDAP achieved a considerable measure of control over German society) was implemented.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In May 1935, Jews (not surprisingly) were forbidden to join the Wehrmacht (the armed forces).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The NÜRNBERG LAWS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Nürnberger Gesetze' - (Nuremberg Laws) were passed around the time of the great Reichsparteitag at Nuremberg.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On September 15, 1935, the 'Gesetz zum Schutz des deutschen Blutes und der Ehre' (the </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor) was passed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At first this criminalized sexual relations and marriage only between Germans and Jews, but later the law was extended to Gypsies, Negroes and their bastard offspring and it became punishable by law as '<i>Rassenschande'</i> - (racial disgrace).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After this, the 'Reich Citizenship Law' was passed, and was reinforced in November by a decree; it included only people of '<i>German or related blood'</i>, which meant that all Jews, even quarter- and half-Jews, were stripped of their citizenship and became 'subjects of the state' rather than citizens (members of the 'volksgemeinschaft' - 'people's community'</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The drafting of the Nuremberg Laws has often been attributed to Hans Globke.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Globke had studied British attempts to 'organize</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">' its empire by creating <i>hierarchical social orders</i>, for example in the organization of '<i>martial races</i>' in the British Indian Empire.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the territories forming the 'Großdeutsches Reich' (Greater German Reich), between 1943 and 1945, the Nordic science of Anthropometrics (Eugenics and Racial Hygiene) was used to "<i>improve</i>" the racial make-up of the '<i>Germanized</i>' section of the population, by absorbing individuals (mainly children) into the German population who were deemed suitably Nordic. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">German racial ideology regarded the Germanic peoples of Europe as belonging to a racially superior 'Nordic' subset of the larger 'Aryan Race', who were regarded as the only true <i>culture-bearers </i>of civilized society. These peoples were viewed as either "<i>true Germanic peoples</i>" that had "<i>lost their sense of racial pride</i>", or as close racial relatives of the Germans. Hitler's concept of "Germanic" did not simply refer to an ethnic, cultural, or linguistic group, but also to a distinctly biological one, the superior "Germanic blood" that he wanted to salvage from the control of the enemies of the Aryan race. He stated that Germany possessed more of these "Germanic elements" than any other country in the world.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Much of this work was undertaken by the 'Lebensborn' - under the direction of the SS.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-j79Ft5lIR2A/WGvZw-9tzpI/AAAAAAAAdIk/-js8IpY44X8Se_KfbXqwZsfu6P7gc1Q-ACLcB/s1600/lebensborn%2B-%2BHimmler%2BSS%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-j79Ft5lIR2A/WGvZw-9tzpI/AAAAAAAAdIk/-js8IpY44X8Se_KfbXqwZsfu6P7gc1Q-ACLcB/s200/lebensborn%2B-%2BHimmler%2BSS%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Lebensborn' e.V. ("Fount of Life") was under the control of Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS (RuSHA). It was an SS-initiated, state-supported, registered association in the Third Reich, with the goal of raising the birth rate of "<i>Aryan</i>" children via persons classified as "racially pure and healthy", based on Nazi racial hygiene and health ideology. 'Lebensborn' encouraged anonymous births by unmarried women, and mediated adoption of these children by likewise "racially pure and healthy" parents, particularly SS members and their families. Initially set up in Germany in 1935, 'Lebensborn' expanded into several occupied European countries with Germanic populations German expansion. It included the selection of "<i>racially worthy</i>" orphans for adoption, and also care for children born from Aryan women who had been in relationships with SS members.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>to be continued....</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>for more information about </i></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Rassenhygiene see:</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/the-doctrine-of-regeneration.html" target="_blank"><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0ctRn3N9ebk/VdnVBqRzLyI/AAAAAAAAcLI/uajnemKBgOY/s400/Doctrine%2Bof%2BRegeneration%2B-Text%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2Breich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/the-doctrine-of-regeneration.html" target="_blank">>>die Lehre von der Regenerierung<<</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">and also</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Lnz von Liebenfel's views regarding 'Race Hygiene'</span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--9JpljBnlN8/WIkLOmbuc6I/AAAAAAAANrM/7gkGP0zffD0qybZf33hsw4xp-RQ1kuUlwCLcB/s1600/Ostara%2Band%2BRace%2BHygiene%2B%2Blogo%2Bcopy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--9JpljBnlN8/WIkLOmbuc6I/AAAAAAAANrM/7gkGP0zffD0qybZf33hsw4xp-RQ1kuUlwCLcB/s200/Ostara%2Band%2BRace%2BHygiene%2B%2Blogo%2Bcopy.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">'<a href="http://ostaragodess.blogspot.co.uk/2017/01/ostara-and-rassenhygiene.html" target="_blank">OSTARA und RASSEN HYGIENE</a>'</span><br />
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-24061529250946653432015-11-04T11:00:00.000-08:002017-01-25T11:59:12.202-08:00Lanz von Liebenfels - Theozoologie<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz von Liebenfels (July 19, 1874 – April 22, 1954) was a Austrian völkisch theorist, former Cistercian monk and founder of the Ariosophy movement.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TF8oQNwrn-g/VjoAHziQUCI/AAAAAAAAcU4/8Qpad6ngjHY/s1600/Ostara%2B-%2BLiebenfels%2B2%2B-%2BNeutempler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2Bcopy%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TF8oQNwrn-g/VjoAHziQUCI/AAAAAAAAcU4/8Qpad6ngjHY/s200/Ostara%2B-%2BLiebenfels%2B2%2B-%2BNeutempler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2Bcopy%2B2.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="120" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The term 'Ariosophy', meaning wisdom concerning the Aryans, was first coined by Lanz von Liebenfels in 1915 and became the label for his doctrine in the 1920s. The term 'Ariosophy' is used generically to describe the Aryan-esoteric theories of a subset of the 'Völkische Bewegung'. This broader use of the word is retrospective and was not generally current among the esotericists themselves.</span></blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz von Liebenfels was a friend of student of Guido von List, and </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">helped found the "Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft" (Guido von List society) in 1905, and in 1907 he founded the "Ordo novi templi" (Order of the New Templars).</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He published the journal 'Ostara, Briefbücherei der Blonden und Mannesrechtler' from 1905 till 1930.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">follow the link below for more information about the journal 'Ostara'</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and related articles</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: helvetica neue, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">'</span><a href="http://xn--einfhrung-t9a/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">OSTARA- EINFÜHRUNG</span></a><span style="font-family: helvetica neue, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">'</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Brief Biography</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He was born on July 19, 1874 in the Penzing district of Vienna in what was then Austria-Hungary, as the son of schoolmaster Johann Lanz and his wife Katharina, née Hoffenreich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">His parents were middle class, and his fathers ancestors had been burghers in Vienna since the early 18th century.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8KINz4RrKFA/TiKTvYg9SII/AAAAAAAACUc/3P7FEha9w3g/s1600/Heiligenkreuz+Monastery+-+Liebenfels+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8KINz4RrKFA/TiKTvYg9SII/AAAAAAAACUc/3P7FEha9w3g/s320/Heiligenkreuz+Monastery+-+Liebenfels+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stift Heiligenkreuz</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz became a monk in the Cistercian order in 1893, assuming the name Georg, and living in the Heiligenkreuz monastery (see right).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1894, he claimed to have been "enlightened" after finding the tombstone of a Knight Templar, and began developing his theories of "blond aryanism" and the "lower races".</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He left the monastery in 1899; with Lanz claimed that this was due to "growing nervousness".</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rvLWzo7E0IE/VjoEyUb2fbI/AAAAAAAAcVE/ziC3p_jcpsQ/s1600/Lambach%2BAbbey%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rvLWzo7E0IE/VjoEyUb2fbI/AAAAAAAAcVE/ziC3p_jcpsQ/s200/Lambach%2BAbbey%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Die Abtei von Lambach</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When young Adolf Hitler became a student at <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/national-socialism-and-occult-part-ii.html" target="_blank">Lambach Abbey</a>, in Austria, the abbot of Lambach, <a href="http://occultreich.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/occult-messiah.html" target="_blank">Father Hagen</a>, had already died, but the swastikas he ordered to be carved still decorated the sanctuary of the Abbey.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ndSzUxvyp1Y/VjoFKJC6ocI/AAAAAAAAcVM/4eo8bLwrBgY/s1600/Lambach%2BAbbey%2B-%2BSwastika%2B-%2BAbbot%2BHagen%2B-%2B%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ndSzUxvyp1Y/VjoFKJC6ocI/AAAAAAAAcVM/4eo8bLwrBgY/s200/Lambach%2BAbbey%2B-%2BSwastika%2B-%2BAbbot%2BHagen%2B-%2B%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wappen des Abtes Hagen</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">While young Adolf was a student and chorister at the abbey, a Cistercian monk, named Adolf Joseph Lanz (Liebenfels), made a stay at Lambach.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GiY2ryQPL9s/VjoF4d6py5I/AAAAAAAAcVY/K7p9n_UbB7A/s1600/Lambach%2BChoir%2BSchool%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GiY2ryQPL9s/VjoF4d6py5I/AAAAAAAAcVY/K7p9n_UbB7A/s200/Lambach%2BChoir%2BSchool%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hitler - back row - second from right</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">He stayed for several weeks, working in the monastery library, thoroughly researching and studying Hagen's personal papers.<br />The monks affirm that during his research he evidenced the signs of great agitation, like of a person who had made a <i>great discovery</i>.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After his visit to Abbey, Lanz returned to Vienna, where the following year, (1900) he founded the Order of the New Templars, raising a swastika flag over the Templar castle he chose to be the center of the Order. We are, therefore, left with the tantalizing question of whether the young Adolf Hitler, and Liebenfels ever met during this period - and if there is any connection between Hagen' swastikas, Hitler's presence at Lambach, and the later use, by both Hitler and Liebenfels, of the swastika.</span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1903–4 von Liebenfels published a lengthy article under the Latin title 'Anthropozoon Biblicum' ("The Biblical Man-Animal") in a journal for Biblical studies, edited by Moritz Altschüler, a Jewish admirer (?) of Guido von List.</span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QXd3v-IzkP0/TiKYcO8nICI/AAAAAAAACUg/XckqARYx4Y4/s1600/Middle+Eastern+Relief+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QXd3v-IzkP0/TiKYcO8nICI/AAAAAAAACUg/XckqARYx4Y4/s320/Middle+Eastern+Relief+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="195" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The author undertook a comparative survey of ancient Near Eastern cultures, in which he detected evidence from iconography (see left), and literature, which seemed to point to the continued survival, into early historical times, of hominid 'ape-men' similar to the dwarfish Neanderthal men known from fossil remains in Europe, or the Pithecanthropus (now called Homo erectus) from Java.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Furthermore, Lanz systematically analyzed the Old Testament in the light of his hypothesis, identifying and interpreting coded references to the 'ape-men' which substantiated an illicit practice of interbreeding between humans and "lower" species in antiquity.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theozoologie</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1905 he expanded these researches into a fundamental statement of doctrine titled 'Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron' - (Theozoology, or the Science of the Sodomite-Apelings and the Divine Electron).</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fNaznqvUmEY/VjnZ4X4FIEI/AAAAAAAAcUI/fscvq5vuko8/s1600/Aryan%2BRace%2B-%2BStellar%2BOrigins%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fNaznqvUmEY/VjnZ4X4FIEI/AAAAAAAAcUI/fscvq5vuko8/s320/Aryan%2BRace%2B-%2BStellar%2BOrigins%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" width="204" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Extraterrestrial Origins of the Aryans<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He stated that the “Aryan” race originated from extraterrestrial, interstellar entities, (termed Theozoa - in fact, Gnostic Æons), while “lower” races (<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Chandals</span>) were a result of interbreeding between humans and 'ape-men' (or Anthropozoa).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The effects of miscegenation (racial cross-breeding) caused the atrophy of paranormal powers inherited from the Æons, but these could be restored by the selective breeding of pure Aryan lineages.</span><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Miscegenation - (from the Latin 'miscere' 'to mix' and 'genus' "kind") is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, or procreation. The term miscegenation has been used since the 19th century to refer to interracial marriage and interracial sexual relations, and more generally to the process of genetic admixture. The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6WpUPMp8M4w/U5Dl_RmpCJI/AAAAAAAAZUo/tItWUAHGFPg/s1600/Aryan%2BNordic%2BFace%2B-%2B%2BUFO%2BMystery%2BMeaning%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6WpUPMp8M4w/U5Dl_RmpCJI/AAAAAAAAZUo/tItWUAHGFPg/s200/Aryan%2BNordic%2BFace%2B-%2B%2BUFO%2BMystery%2BMeaning%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="150" /></a></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEvjJH5U7kI/VjjlFY6PKoI/AAAAAAAAcS4/wyx6ZgRxshs/s1600/The%2Bresult%2Bof%2Bmiscegenation%2B-%2BDoctrine%2Bof%2BRegeneration%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tEvjJH5U7kI/VjjlFY6PKoI/AAAAAAAAcS4/wyx6ZgRxshs/s200/The%2Bresult%2Bof%2Bmiscegenation%2B-%2BDoctrine%2Bof%2BRegeneration%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Liebenfels, as has already been stated, maintained that the Aryan race was the creation of the Æons, having descended directly from the heavens.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Other humanoid forms (chimpanzees and other great apes - the creations of a lesser 'god' - the Demiurge), it was held, had crossbred with Aryans in the distant past, giving rise to the various Untermenschen still in existence - or not, as in the case of the Neanderthals - (with the Jews as the most developed, and the Polynesians and Negroes at the lower end of the scale).</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Aryans have one pair fewer chromosomes than other apes, with ape chromosomes 2 and 4 fusing into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the centromere and telomeres of the ancestral 2 and 4). Having different numbers of chromosomes is<i> not </i>an barrier to hybridization; similar mismatches are relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as 'chromosomal polymorphism'. Current research into human evolution tends to confirm that in some cases, interspecies sexual activity may have been a key part of human evolution.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There had, throughout recorded history been a continuation of miscegenation occurring between the Aryans and the Chandals (Untermenschen), resulting in the gradual dilution of the purity of the Aryan racial stock.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sAUoAuMtuRk/VjjtW7qAKeI/AAAAAAAAcTc/2ClmiWLwW70/s1600/Parsifal%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BHitler%2Band%2Bthe%2BHoly%2BGrail%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sAUoAuMtuRk/VjjtW7qAKeI/AAAAAAAAcTc/2ClmiWLwW70/s320/Parsifal%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BHitler%2Band%2Bthe%2BHoly%2BGrail%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">'Parsifal'</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As a result there were, in the 19th and 20th centuries, practically no pure Aryans.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">(This theory is symbolised <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" target="_blank">Wagner</a>'s Bühnenweihfestspiel <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">'Parsifal'</a>).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The evidence, for Liebenfels, was clearly evident in the decline of Western (and particularly German speaking) societies, as reflected in politics, the fine art, music, architecture, public morality and all aspects of 'modern' life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hence the need for what was later termed '<i>Rassenhygiene</i>'.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The German eugenicist Alfred Ploetz introduced the term Rassenhygiene in his 'Grundlinien einer Rassenhygiene', in 1895. Initially Rassenhygiene was concerned more with the declining birthrate in Germany, and the increasing number of mentally ill and disabled people than with the "Jewish question" and "de-Nordification" (Entnordung), which would come to dominate Rassenhygiene in Germany from the 1920s through to the second World War. The blue print for the attitude of the Third Reich toward other races was written by Erwin Baur, Fritz Lenz and Eugen Fischer and published under the title' Menschliche Erblehre Theorie und Rassenhygiene' (1936). Also, acting on eugenic concerns about the effects of alcohol, tobacco, and syphilis, the Third Reich sponsored research, undertook public education campaigns, and enacted laws that together aimed at eliminating “<i>genetic poisons</i>” linked to birth defects and genetic damage to later generations.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aristocracy of the Blood</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aristocracy of the Blood</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At its core Rassenhygiene was conceived as the <i>regeneration</i> of the Aryan race, which would be mainly achieved by the strict implementation of Eugenics.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The goal of Liebenfels was for society to return to a healthy, strong and beautiful life, and the Nordic Aryan race would regain its "purity" through selective reproduction in conformity to Darwinian theory.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rassenhygiene was a theory that certain individuals should be allowed to procreate and others not, with the expressed purpose of promoting certain characteristics deemed to be particularly desirable. It was stated that race created culture, and that "<i>impure</i>" miscegenation led to chaos. Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but usually with an enhanced emphasis on heredity. Francis Galton began working in 1869 in order to find a statistical science of heredity which he believed could encourage voluntary care in selecting partners, and in 1883 he introduced the term "eugenics" for this subject, but in the early 20th century a eugenics movement adopted ideas of Mendelian genetics, and promoted Rassenhygiene to prevent those who were unsuitable from having offspring.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gBVs8wBkpiM/Vjnfl-tm12I/AAAAAAAAcUY/rZFOQ_C0BTw/s1600/ostara%2B-%2BGoddess%2Bof%2BSpring%2B-%2BLanz%2Bvon%2BLiebenfels%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gBVs8wBkpiM/Vjnfl-tm12I/AAAAAAAAcUY/rZFOQ_C0BTw/s200/ostara%2B-%2BGoddess%2Bof%2BSpring%2B-%2BLanz%2Bvon%2BLiebenfels%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" width="112" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ostara - Goddess of Spring</td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the same year that Lanz published 'Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron' he commenced publication of the journal 'Ostara', (named after the pagan Germanic goddess of Spring), to promote his vision of racial purity (see below).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tH8X1c8NpYE/TiyseVPEiBI/AAAAAAAACnA/oj0knd2JHeQ/s1600/Arno+Breker+-+Prometheus+2+-++Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tH8X1c8NpYE/TiyseVPEiBI/AAAAAAAACnA/oj0knd2JHeQ/s320/Arno+Breker+-+Prometheus+2+-++Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="145" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">That same year published an article titled "Antropozoon Bible," in which he argued that in a group, there were two quite distinct and humanities.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the one hand, we find the "<i>Children of the Gods</i>" (Teozoa - creations of the Gnostic Æons - see left), and on the other hand the "<i>Children of Men</i>" (Antropozoa - creations of the 'lesser god' - the Demiurge).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The first were the Aryans, with a pure spirituality; other races came from<i> </i>the<i> biological evolution</i> of animals.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">So Liebenfels explained the "fall of the Aryan Race" as an act of miscegenation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the root of this <i>'fall</i>', the Aryan race lost its divine powers and paranormal abilities, such as telepathy or clairvoyance - and lost its mystic vision of the universe and of the 'powers'.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These qualities (weakened, however) then became limited to a few descendants of Aryans.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R25yHUMpmyM/VXxCWjoE9II/AAAAAAAAbcw/3lJA4SizOBE/s1600/lanz-von-liebenfels%2B-%2BTheozoologie%2B-%2BElectron%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGods%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B-%2Bcopy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R25yHUMpmyM/VXxCWjoE9II/AAAAAAAAbcw/3lJA4SizOBE/s320/lanz-von-liebenfels%2B-%2BTheozoologie%2B-%2BElectron%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGods%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B-%2Bcopy.png" width="205" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theozoologie<br />
<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></td></tr>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Liebenfels thus concluded that to recover Aryan racial purity would be equivalent to recovering the spiritual nature of the origina Aryans.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This was outlined in "Theosophie und assyrischen Götter" (1907): </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Liebenfels asserted that Atlantis (the original Aryan continent), was divided into pure species and bestial.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Echoing Blavatsky, in 'Die Geheimlehre', Liebenfels stated: "<i>The fatal error of the fifth root of the Aryan race was that they had repeatedly mixed with the descendants of apes.</i> "</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this manner the consequence of such behavior resulted in institutionalization of satanic cults, and created numerous mixed races of untermenschen, threatening the sacred authority of the Aryans.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The 'men-gods' original error was similar to that found in Genesis-6, when "<i>the sons of God come down to earth and mate with the daughters of men</i>."</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Liebenfel's interest in the latest discoveries, such as X-rays, radioactivity and radio, led him to develop a "scientific theology," in which the gods represented the highest form of life and were possessing special </span> electrical <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">powers located in the pineal and pituitary glands, which subsequently became stunted.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This regression or reversal stemmed from the union of </span>beasts and untermenschen<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> with Aryan 'god-men'.</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.com/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rwuR4t-8f0w/T1Uur7-QDGI/AAAAAAAAFxY/lrxxFNb0J40/s200/Star+of+David+and+Swastika+3+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="173" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">click below for more information about</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.com/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">THE OCCULT REICH AND RACE</a></span></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></td></tr>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Uhwz-Iv6E0w/TiKbQ50lB2I/AAAAAAAACUo/ZkkWglWpdAo/s1600/Burg+Werfenstein+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Uhwz-Iv6E0w/TiKbQ50lB2I/AAAAAAAACUo/ZkkWglWpdAo/s320/Burg+Werfenstein+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On December 25, 1907 Liebenfels founded the Order of the New Templars (Ordo Novi Templi, or ONT) (see right), a mystical association, with its headquarters at Burg Werfenstein (see left), a castle in Upper Austria overlooking the river Danube.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Its declared aim was to harmonize science, art and religion on a basis of racial consciousness.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rituals were designed to beautify life in accordance with Aryan aesthetics, and to express the Order's theological system.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Order was the first to use the swastika (in addition to the Templar Cross) in an "Aryan" meaning, displaying on its flag the device of a red swastika facing right, on a yellow-orange field (see right).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The ONT declined from the mid-1930s, and was suppressed by the Gestapo in 1942, on Adolf Hitler's orders.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By this time it had established seven utopian communities in Austria, Germany and Hungary.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Though suspending its activities in the Greater German Reich, the ONT survived in Hungary until around the end of World War II.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It went underground in Vienna after 1945, but was contacted in 1958 by a former Waffen-SS lieutenant, Rudolf Mund, who became Prior of the Order in 1979.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mund also wrote biographies of Lanz and Wiligut.</span></span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1905, Liebenfels founded the magazine 'Ostara - Briefbücherei der Blonden und Mannesrechtler', of which he became the sole author and editor in 1908.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This publication took a huge spread in the German countries, reaching runs over 100,000 copies.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It appeared in two series, from 1905 to 1917, eighty-nine numbers and published from 1922 to 1927, with twelve more numbers.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are many indications that Hitler read 'Ostara' with great interest in his youth.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This publication was mainly concerned with issues of religion and race, and Liebenfel's articles called for revolt against the "subhuman races", and in particular against the Jews.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Salvation was offered by the revival of ancient Aryan wisdom, which had been spread by such ancient civilizations as Hiperbórea and Atlantis.</span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q20rlen8SXg/TiC0wrFLFbI/AAAAAAAACRY/ujUuoTiIU4s/s1600/Adolf+Hitler+-+1919+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Q20rlen8SXg/TiC0wrFLFbI/AAAAAAAACRY/ujUuoTiIU4s/s200/Adolf+Hitler+-+1919+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="140" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9soYSgqZ1tA/TiAq1_fOM0I/AAAAAAAACPs/tDrHsWCg3gI/s1600/Dietrich+Eckart+2+-+Occult+History+Thirdb+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9soYSgqZ1tA/TiAq1_fOM0I/AAAAAAAACPs/tDrHsWCg3gI/s200/Dietrich+Eckart+2+-+Occult+History+Thirdb+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="186" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Readers of this publication included Adolf Hitler and Dietrich Eckart, among others.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz was once visited by the young Hitler, whom he supplied with two missing issues of the magazine.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As a student of Guido von List, Lanz further expanded his theories; other influences included Otto Weininger, of whom Lanz was a fervent follower.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">'Ostara' offered a hope of <i>redemption</i> and <i>regeneration</i> by conducting a policy providing safeguards to the Aryan race from subhuman races, which would later be the ideological basis of National Socialist <i>eugenics</i>.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In a paragraph of this magazine, Liebenfels states that</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"<i>the Aryans are the masterpiece of the gods and are endowed with supernatural powers and paranormal, emanating from</i>" centres of power "<i>and</i>" power bodies "<i>that confer absolute supremacy over any other creature.</i>"</span></blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In his theology, Lanz von Liebenfels also used astrology, and defined the history of mankind as a "<i>war between races</i>," whose final eschatological end was clearly evident in their horoscopes.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1905 Lanz and some 50 other supporters of List signed a declaration endorsing the proposed Guido-von-List-Gesellschaft (Guido von List Society), which was officially founded in 1908. (Guido List - see left)</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He also founded his own esoteric organisation, the Ordo Novi Templi (Order of the New Templars) in 1907 (see above).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These movements were supposed to</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"<i>further the racial self-confidence by doing pedigree and racial research, beauty contests and the founding of racist "future sites" in underdeveloped parts of the Earth"- ("das Rassebewusstsein durch Stammbaum- und Rassekundeforschung, Schönheitswettbewerbe und die Gründung rassistischer Zukunftsstätten in unterentwickelten Teilen der Erde zu fördern").</i></span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To further this agenda, he purchased the Werfenstein castle ruins in Austria.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bRuZ8DynxDw/TiKdcv88btI/AAAAAAAACUw/uBvYj9MyiVc/s1600/Fritz+von+Herzmanovsky-Orlando+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bRuZ8DynxDw/TiKdcv88btI/AAAAAAAACUw/uBvYj9MyiVc/s200/Fritz+von+Herzmanovsky-Orlando+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="141" /></a></div>
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-p1LfMfIpiwQ/TiKeBI0u55I/AAAAAAAACU0/Fko998BzAos/s1600/August+Strindberg+-++Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-p1LfMfIpiwQ/TiKeBI0u55I/AAAAAAAACU0/Fko998BzAos/s1600/August+Strindberg+-++Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Neither organization really managed to attract a large member base, though; it is estimated that the order had around 300 members, the most prominent of which was the poet Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando (see right).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz claimed that the organization was already founded prior to 1900, and that he met with August Strindberg (see left) in 1896 and managed to convince him to join the order.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For Liebenfels, the rebuilt the Order of the Temple was tantamount to creating a brotherhood worthy of actually receiving the Holy Grail.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">What was the Holy Grail for the followers of </span>Ariosophy<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> ?:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It was an energy accumulator, from which issued forth the "<i>electron of the gods</i>", the 'vril', aimed at </span>regenerating and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">maintaining Aryan </span>transcendent <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">powers.</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After Hitler's rise to prominence in the 1920s, Lanz tried to be recognized as one of his ideological precursors.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the preface of issue one in the 3. series of 'Ostara', c. 1927, he wrote:</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>One shall remember that the swastika and fascist movements are basically offspring of Ostara</i>.”</span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, Lanz hoped for Hitler's patronage, but Hitler, embarrassed by this early connection, banned him from publishing his writings.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Most notably copies of 'Ostara' were removed from circulation.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After the war, Lanz accused Hitler of having not stolen and corrupted his idea.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iPeQbxEB-qs/TiKfsgPKpDI/AAAAAAAACU4/0b3K81wLIfc/s1600/Ostara+Goddess+of+Spring+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-iPeQbxEB-qs/TiKfsgPKpDI/AAAAAAAACU4/0b3K81wLIfc/s320/Ostara+Goddess+of+Spring+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="245" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">'Ostara' or 'Ostara, Briefbücherei der Blonden und Mannesrechtler' (English 'Ostara, newsletter of the blonde and masculists') was a German nationalist magazine founded in 1905.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz derived the name of the publication from the reconstructed Old High German goddess name Ôstarâ (see right and below).</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lanz claimed that the Ostrogoths and the nation of Austria (German: Österreich) were matronymically named after this goddess.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">According to von Liebenfels, the magazine had a peak circulation of 100,000.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The magazine appeared in three series; the first series included 100 (or 89 ?) issues between 1905 and 1917, the second series had only one issue, and the third series included 20 issues between 1927 and 1930.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Ostara marks the first true day of spring.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>It is the vernal equinox. It is believed that the name Ostara comes from the Germanic Goddess Oestara.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Oestara is the Goddess of Fertility.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Ostara is the time when there is a celebration of the balance of the seasons and the passage of nigh into day.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>The Goddess blankets the Earth with fertility, bursting forth from her sleep, as the God stretches and grows to maturity.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>He walks the greening fields and delights in the abundance of Nature.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>On Ostara the hours of day and night are equal.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Light is overtaking darkness. This is a time for beginnings, of action.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>As spring reaches its midpoint, night and day stand in perfect balance, with light on the increase.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>The young Sun God, symbolised by the swastikas, now celebrates a hierogamy (sacred marriage) with the young Maiden Goddess, who conceives.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>In nine months, she will again become the Great Mother.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>It is a time of great fertility, new growth, and newborn animals.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>The next full moon (a time of increased births) is called the Ostara and is sacred to Eostre the Saxon Lunar Goddess of fertility (from whence we get the word estrogen, whose two symbols were the egg and the rabbit.</i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Although Ostara is a festival of fertility, however, unlike Beltaine, it is not a festival of human and animal fertility, but of the fertility of the earth.</i></span></blockquote>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Excerpt from 'The Lord of the Harvest'</i></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The only person to match List's occult knowledge or charisma was Lanz von Liebenfels.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Born plain Adolf Lanz, in 1874, he underwent when he was young, like List, Gurdjieff and many other remarkable individuals, a religious education.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Apparently he had aspirations to become a monk, but was not considered suitable material by his superiors in the monastery.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Changing his name to von Liebenfels, he proceeded to pursue spiritual enlightenment by other means, founding his own occult order, 'The New Templars'.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The order was by no means a charade, as it was able to attract to its membership no less a person than the dramatist August Strindberg.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another significant member was Guido von List. List and Liebenfels, early on, formed a mutual admiration society, and Liebenfels, not surprisingly, joined List's Armanen Order.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Liebenfels published a periodical, 'Ostara', in which he propounded his pan-Germanic and Volkisch views, which were, if anything, more racially extreme than List's.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The reason why race had become such a strong issue in occult circles was simple.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occultist, such as Liebenfels, who believed in the existence of super-beings, also believed that such super-beings could be bred.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The contention of the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith (see left), that men could become Gods, along with his obsessive desire to breed sufficient suitable individuals for that purpose, through the institution of 'celestial marriage', had by now, in Germany and Austria, developed into a concept that by-passed the necessity of death, by breeding Gods here and now.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mormon theologians had declared that those who were not of the Anglo-Saxon race were ineligible for the priesthood and ultimate deification.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">They had little contact with Jews, and so concentrated their attention upon Negroes and other coloured races.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">List and Liebenfels, along with Wagner (see right) and Chamberlain (see left), however, had little contact with Negroes and other coloureds, and therefore concentrated their attention upon the Jews.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The principle, however, was the same.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The message had come through that there was a connection between race and spirituality.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It was not a new idea.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Any cursory reading of the Old Testament will show that the idea of a chosen race, close to God, endemic to Jewish spirituality; and further inspection of the New Testament will show that Christianity's much vaunted condemnation of the racial principle was mainly motivated by the fact that Paul, failing to convert the Jews to his newfangled 'mystery religion', rather than accept defeat, abandoned the idea of racial exclusivity, much to the annoyance of most of the Apostles, who were the real bearers of the message of the Jesus of Nazareth (*).</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">One of the most interesting literary works, published by von Liebenfels was 'The Book of German Psalms: The Prayerbook of Aryan Racial Mystics'.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Within its pages is the summation of a long development of thought, which was, in the near future, about to erupt into unforeseen disaster.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Although the book was not widely read, it graced the shelves of both the influential and the unknown (including a young Adolf Hitler), and it was from the ranks of those who had studied the works of Liebenfels that the founding members of the Thule Gesellschaft were drawn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">* See Acts, Chapter 15, verses 1 to 35.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://petercrawfordharvest.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AfVuQS64AfY/TiQN-8xhPWI/AAAAAAAACWg/R3QOl5OBRy8/s200/Lord+of+the+Harvest+Blogger+Title.png" width="199" /></a></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>see <a href="http://petercrawfordharvest.blogspot.com/">The Lord of the Harvest</a></b></span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-41384332236610812015-09-26T12:16:00.000-07:002017-01-25T12:17:13.474-08:00Die arischen Held<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Zac</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">An Aryan hero is originally the protagonist of certain works of early medieval literature mostly in Germanic languages.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Later, however, he appears in art, literature and music, particularly in the nineteenth century, and most powerfully in Wagner's massive, operatic epic, 'Der Ring des Nibelungen'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This hero is always Aryan - tall, blonde, slim and well muscled.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He is inevitably a warrior, concerned both with his reputation and fame, and with his responsibilities to hi race.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The way in which he "copes with the blows of fate" is extremely important.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He may be distinguished from the 'classical hero', in that his adventures are less individualistic, and from the 'tragic hero' because his death is heroic rather than tragic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His death usually brings destruction, not restoration, as in tragedy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His goal is frequently revenge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried is the archetypal Aryan hero.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried, although now almost always associated with Wagner, originally appeared in the Völsunga saga.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Völsunga saga (often referred to in English as the Volsunga Saga or Saga of the Völsungs) is a legendary saga, a late 13th century Icelandic prose rendition of the origin and decline of the Völsung clan (including the story of Sigurd and Brynhild and destruction of the Burgundians).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The saga covers themes including the power struggles among Sigurd's ancestors; Sigurd's killing of the dragon Fafnir; and the influence of the ring. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The subtitle of the book, "<i>The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer</i>", implies that the entire book is about Sigurd (Siegfried) even though he is seen only through about half of the tale. However, the slaying of Fafnir, is a critical point in this epic. This is the decision that Sigurd makes in his reach for a glorious life full of fame</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here, Sigurd was supposedly the posthumous son of Sigmund and his second wife, Hiordis, </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">(Sieglinde in the 'RIng')</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">. Sigmund dies in battle when he attacks Odin (Wotan in the Ring), (who is in disguise), and Odin shatters Sigmund's sword (Nothung).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dying, Sigmund tells Hiordis, (Sieglinde in the 'RIng') of her pregnancy and bequeaths the fragments of his sword to his unborn son.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner, as well as working from the Völsunga Saga, also made use of themes and characters from the much later 'Nibelungenlied', translated as 'The Song of the Nibelung's, - an epic poem in Middle High German.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Like the Völsunga Saga, from which it is partly derived, the story tells of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, how he was murdered, and of his wife Kriemhild's revenge.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Nibelungenlied is based on pre-Christian Germanic heroic motifs (the "Nibelungensaga"), which include oral traditions, and reports based on historic events and individuals of the 5th and 6th centuries.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Old Norse parallels of the legend, as we have seen, survive in the 'Völsunga saga', the 'Prose Edda', the 'Poetic Edda', the 'Legend of Norna-Gest', and the 'Þiðrekssaga'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />When Richard Wagner decided to adapt certain parts of the Völsunga Saga, in order to create his colossal epic, 'Der Ring des NIgelungen', he wrote the following piece, regarding the hero of the work.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">"In the struggle to give the wishes of my heart artistic shape, and in the ardor to discover what thing it was that drew me to the primal source of old Sagas, I drove step by step into the deeper regions of antiquity, where at last to my delight, and truly in the utmost reaches of old time, I was to light upon the fair young form of Man, in all the freshness of his force.<br />My studies thus bore me, through the legends of the Middle Ages, right down to their foundation in the old-Germanic Mythos; one swathing after another, which the later legendary lore had bound around it, I was able to unloose, and thus at last to gaze upon it in its chastest beauty.<br />What here I saw, was no longer the figure of conventional history, whose garment claims our interest more than does the actual shape inside; but the real naked man, in whom I might spy each throbbing of his pulses, each stir within his mighty muscles, in un-cramped, freest motion: the type of the true human being.<br />Although the splendid type of Siegfried had long attracted me, it first enthralled my every thought when I had come to see it in its purest human shape, set free from every later wrapping.<br />Now for the first time, also, did I recognize the possibility of making him the hero of a drama; a possibility that had not occurred to me while I only knew him from the medieval Nibelungenlied."</span></i><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Richard </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u7o130UB6y4/Uc_ijGouKNI/AAAAAAAASjQ/Hfll8LyRp08/s378/Arthur+Schopenhauer+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u7o130UB6y4/Uc_ijGouKNI/AAAAAAAASjQ/Hfll8LyRp08/s200/Arthur+Schopenhauer+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="141" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/arthur-schopenhauer-philosophy-of-will.html" target="_blank">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In September or October 1854 the German poet and political activist Georg Herwegh introduced Wagner to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Schopenhauer's pessimistic and renunciatory philosophy had a profound effect on Wagner, and it was only to be expected that it should influence the composition of the Ring.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1856 the libretto of Siegfried was revised and a new ending was devised for Götterdämmerung – the so-called 'Schopenhauer Ending'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hitle, of course, carried Shopenhauer's greatest work,</span> <span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>'</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung</a>', in his back-pack throughout his time in the trenches, on the Western Front, in the Great War.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung</a>' is the central work of the German philosopher <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/arthur-schopenhauer-philosophy-of-will.html" target="_blank">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>.<br />The first edition was published in December 1818, and the second expanded edition in 1844. In 1948, an abridged version was edited by Thomas Mann.<br /><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/arthur-schopenhauer-philosophy-of-will.html" target="_blank">Nietzsche</a>, Jung, D. H. Lawrence, <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/gustav-mahler-die-arische-jude.html" target="_blank"> Mahler</a> and Wagner were all strongly influenced by his work. For Nietzsche, the reading of 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' aroused his interest in philosophy. The book was central to the themes of all Wagner's later works.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8OTM4m3PYvM/VgQIbvjumjI/AAAAAAAAboc/1NrJtd0GRC0/s1600/Comic%2BBook%2BSuper%2Bhero%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8OTM4m3PYvM/VgQIbvjumjI/AAAAAAAAboc/1NrJtd0GRC0/s200/Comic%2BBook%2BSuper%2Bhero%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Comic-book 'Hero'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here, in the Ring cycle, we find the tradition of Germanic epics married to the 19th century philosophy of <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/arthur-schopenhauer-philosophy-of-will.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a> - which created a cultural and political milieu which was to have a profound influence on the future history of Germany, Europe and the world.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Even today, in the twenty-first century, the concept of the 'hero', whether it is to be found in novels, films, comics and graphic novels, or computer games, is essentially modeled on the figure of Siegfried to be found in 'The Ring'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tlB8UCuAbhY/VgQw0O2aesI/AAAAAAAAbpU/4EgJG4W3YbQ/s1600/Lohengrin%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tlB8UCuAbhY/VgQw0O2aesI/AAAAAAAAbpU/4EgJG4W3YbQ/s200/Lohengrin%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015.jpg" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-complete-wagner-lohengrin.html" target="_blank">Lohengrin</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are, however, at least two other significant 'heroes' in the Wagnerian oeuvre - <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-complete-wagner-lohengrin.html" target="_blank">Lohengrin</a> and <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a> - and both had a profound influence on the thought and history of the 19th and 20th centuries.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These other two 'heroes' were less 'macho' (to use a current term) - less aggressive and decidedly less muscular and athletic than the young Siegfried.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Not surprisingly, neither <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-complete-wagner-lohengrin.html" target="_blank">Lohengrin</a> or <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a> came to the kind of violent end that finally awaited Siegfried.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-complete-wagner-lohengrin.html" target="_blank">Lohengrin</a> was a chivalrous knight, of 'courtly', medieval tradition.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In Wagner's opera, of the same name, he is prepared to fight for what he believes is right, using his sword to defeat his enemy.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e6BOVdg2Cyw/VgQvlUIwycI/AAAAAAAAbpI/vj6UQMj-DlM/s1600/Parsifal%2B-%2B1890%2B-%2BFidus%2B%2528Hugo%2BH%25C3%25B6ppener%2B-%2BEcology%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BOccult%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e6BOVdg2Cyw/VgQvlUIwycI/AAAAAAAAbpI/vj6UQMj-DlM/s200/Parsifal%2B-%2B1890%2B-%2BFidus%2B%2528Hugo%2BH%25C3%25B6ppener%2B-%2BEcology%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BOccult%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Young Parsifal</a><br />
Fidus (Hugo Höppener)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mql7-9psxMw/VgQvbK6jEmI/AAAAAAAAbpA/dCaMQBAmVCs/s1600/Parsifal%2BRitter%2Bdes%2BGrals%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B-%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mql7-9psxMw/VgQvbK6jEmI/AAAAAAAAbpA/dCaMQBAmVCs/s320/Parsifal%2BRitter%2Bdes%2BGrals%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B-%2B2015.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank"> Parsifal - Ritter des Heiligen Grals</a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a> as a boy, on the other hand, only kills a swan, with his bow and arrow.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But later, like <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-complete-wagner-lohengrin.html" target="_blank">Lohengrin</a>, he becomes a knight, but in his case a Ritter des Heiligen Grals - a Knight of the Holy Grail.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While Adolf Hitler had little to say about the chivalrous Lohengrin and his swan, he did suggest that <a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a> had been a powerful influence on him, along with Siegfried.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As Hitler once said:</span></blockquote>
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<i><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"I have built up my religion out of Parsifal. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Divine worship in solemn form ... without pretenses of humility ...</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">One can serve God only in the garb of the hero"</span></i></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IMVDPdEiCbQ/VfvvPA5dj9I/AAAAAAAAbgY/0W7w-9UE2ug/s1600/Siegfried%2Band%2Bfafnir-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015%2B-%2BNibelung%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IMVDPdEiCbQ/VfvvPA5dj9I/AAAAAAAAbgY/0W7w-9UE2ug/s640/Siegfried%2Band%2Bfafnir-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015%2B-%2BNibelung%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Zac</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">The Real Siegfried - with Fafnir</a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="clear: right; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/richard-wagner-der-meister-von-bayreuth.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Hdg76X5V3m0/UdBfKHj6DfI/AAAAAAAASlY/yE4LbF4_rko/s200/Richard+Wagner+3+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="141" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/richard-wagner-der-meister-von-bayreuth.html" target="_blank">Richard Wagner</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Discounting the earlier sketches he had made for 'Der junge Siegfried' (summer 1851), the composition of 'Siegfried' was begun in Zürich in September 1856.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The developed draft was begun on 22 September, almost immediately after the (undated) preliminary draft. The full score was begun on 11 October, so Wagner was working on all three stages at the same time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On 19 December, however, he began to sketch some themes for 'Tristan und Isolde'; from this point on there were to be many interruptions in the composition of 'Siegfried'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Nevertheless, by 31 March 1857 the full score of Act I was finished.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sometime thereafter Wagner began to make a fair copy, but he abandoned this task after just one scene.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BwgEYA_VCCk/UdCbuGHuzcI/AAAAAAAASoo/i3RymJPbpXU/s848/Fafners+Ruhe+-+Fafner's+Rest+-+Siegfried+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BwgEYA_VCCk/UdCbuGHuzcI/AAAAAAAASoo/i3RymJPbpXU/s200/Fafners+Ruhe+-+Fafner's+Rest+-+Siegfried+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="136" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fafners Ruhe - Siegfried</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Almost two months elapsed before he began work on Act II; the prelude, 'Fafners Ruhe' ("Fafner's Rest") was sketched on 20 May 1857, while the preliminary draft was begun on 22 May, the composer's forty-fourth birthday.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NwRD9Kx5N7g/VgUL8irZA7I/AAAAAAAAbuc/dtZd1_EkrUw/s1600/Wagner%2B-%2BTristan%2Bund%2BIsolde%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NwRD9Kx5N7g/VgUL8irZA7I/AAAAAAAAbuc/dtZd1_EkrUw/s200/Wagner%2B-%2BTristan%2Bund%2BIsolde%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tristan und Isolde</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On 18 June, he began the developed draft while still working on the preliminary draft; but later that same month he dropped the work (at the point where Siegfried rests himself beneath the linden tree) to concentrate on 'Tristan und Isolde'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The preliminary draft reached this point on the 26th, and the developed draft on the 27th.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It seems that Wagner was tiring of the 'Ring' and he considered putting it aside for a while:</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">"<i>I have determined finally to give up my headstrong design of completing the 'Nibelungen'.</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>I have led my young Siegfried to a beautiful forest solitude, and there have left him under a linden tree, and taken leave of him with heartfelt tears."</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">(Wagner, in a letter to Franz Liszt, dated 8 May 1857)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This hiatus, however, did not last as long as Wagner had anticipated. On 13 July 1857 he took up the work again and finished Act II within four weeks, the preliminary draft being completed on 30 July and the developed draft on 9 August.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The full score of the first act was now complete, and a fair copy had been made of the opening scene; the developed draft of the second act was finished, but the full score had not yet been begun. At this point Wagner once again put the opera aside to concentrate on 'Tristan und Isolde'.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ts3Bt2AwxT4/VgUK8Gu4AvI/AAAAAAAAbuQ/_gRzZBnaVnM/s1600/Tristan%2Bund%2BIsolde%2B-%2BO%2Bsink%2Bherniede%2BNacht%2Bder%2BLiebe%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2Bsawyer%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Ts3Bt2AwxT4/VgUK8Gu4AvI/AAAAAAAAbuQ/_gRzZBnaVnM/s200/Tristan%2Bund%2BIsolde%2B-%2BO%2Bsink%2Bherniede%2BNacht%2Bder%2BLiebe%2B-%2BRichard%2BWagner%2B-%2BZac%2Bsawyer%2B2015.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tristan und Isolde - Liebesnacht</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--QVZXrtFU34/UdCd8LjS6UI/AAAAAAAASpM/PQbY2-0_cLo/s460/die+meistersinger+von+n%C3%BCrnberg+-+Richard+Wagner+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--QVZXrtFU34/UdCd8LjS6UI/AAAAAAAASpM/PQbY2-0_cLo/s200/die+meistersinger+von+n%C3%BCrnberg+-+Richard+Wagner+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'Die Meistersinger'</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Seven years would pass before he took it up again, during which time he completed 'Tristan' and started 'Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">With Wagner's exile from Bavaria in December 1865, a third hiatus ensued in the composition of 'Siegfried', during which Wagner completed 'Die Meistersinger'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Work on 'Siegfried' was resumed at the start of 1869 and on 23 February the fair copies of Acts I and II were finally completed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A week later, on 1 March, Wagner began the composition of Act III.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Working from sketches dating from around 1864 and thereafter, he proceeded to make a preliminary draft of the entire act, as was his usual practice.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hulnO2mk1SY/UdCgm8L92UI/AAAAAAAASpc/bZuKWEjfJWU/s1170/Siegfried+-+Nortung+-+Mime+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hulnO2mk1SY/UdCgm8L92UI/AAAAAAAASpc/bZuKWEjfJWU/s200/Siegfried+-+Nortung+-+Mime+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="134" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried and the 'Jewish' Mime</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This was completed fifteen weeks later on 14 June.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The second complete draft – the orchestral draft – was finished on 5 August.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The full score was begun on 25 August and completed on 5 February 1871.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is often said that twelve years elapsed between the second and third acts of 'Siegfried', but this is an exaggeration.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While it is true that eleven years and twenty-nine weeks passed between the completion of the developed draft of Act II and the beginning of the preliminary draft of Act III, Wagner devoted more than a year of this so-called hiatus to the composition of 'Siegfried,' completing the fair copy of Act I, drawing up both the full score and fair copy of Act II, and making sketches for Act III.</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ON0DYGz-Vtg/Vfv12fltJbI/AAAAAAAAbgo/3WabcqAkSuw/s320/Siegfried%2BLogo%2B-%2BNibelungen%2B-%2BWagner.png" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Zac</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">Siegfried - the Hero</a></span><br />
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Wagner envisioned Siegfried as a "free human being" who can change the world order.</div>
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He will accomplish this feat with the sword 'Northung', which he reforges himself, breaking Wotan's spear.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan's Spear - Gungnir</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In Norse mythology, Gungnir is the spear of the god Odin.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The spear is described as being so well balanced that it could strike any target, no matter the skill or strength of the wielder.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After the wars between the older rulers of the earth and the lords of the sky, the victorious young king of the gods, Wotan, wanders the middle earth looking to gain all the knowledge and power he can find. He comes to a spring at the foot of the World Ash Tree and asks the norns at the fountain of Mimr for all knowledge of the past, present, and future. The Norns agree to give Wotan most of their knowledge, but only after he hangs on the world ash tree for a long space of time, and to give the Norns one of his eyes.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan does all this and the Norns give him sacred knowledge. He breaks off one of the branches of the World Ash tree and fashions for himself a spear 'Gungnir', on which he carves the runes and sacred knowledge he has learned, and also the treaties and laws which rule the nine worlds. He decrees that henceforth all contracts and sacred pacts (Vertragen) must be protected by his spear. But by breaking off this branch, Wotan himself starts the slow decay of the World Ash Tree which will contribute to the ultimate downfall of the gods.When Wotan tries to bar the eponymous hero of the opera 'Siegfried' from awakening Brünnhilde from her magic sleep, Siegfried breaks the spear in two, and Wotan flees. It is implied that this is also the end of Wotan's power, and he never appears onstage again.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Siegmund and Sieglinde</td></tr>
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In this way Wagner links Siegfried's story to Wotan's ultimate plan to regain the ring.</div>
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To return to the beginning, before the birth of Siegfried, the Rhine gold, including he Ring of Power, was stolen from the Rhine Maidens by Alberich, a Nibelung dwarf., who forswore love to obtain this treasure.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">What Alberich desires is power, which he can obtain by the use of gold.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner shows that the need for power is self-consuming, and in a race naturally devoid of virtue, power can only be attained by his JewishNibelungs through the false pretense of treachery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Thus, Wagner collaborates the amoral view of greed established in his Nibelungen characters with the prominence of Jewish plutocrats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Because Alberich and Mime are of the same race, they are viewed, independently,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">by various figures in the cycle of the Ring as possessing the features of the same lowly, degenerate race.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mime<br />
from Fritz Lang - 'Nigelungen - Siegfried'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Aside from physiognomy, of crucial importance is the habitat of the</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Nibelungs in juxtaposition to that of the Volsungs; the Nibelungs are portrayed as </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">existing outside of nature, almost shunned from coexistence with it.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime, Alberich;s brother, takes from nature and contributes </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">nothing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He is therefore an outsider to nature rather than a species in its conception.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried on the other hand, enjoys playing with nature’s animals, and is most comfortable </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">outside, rather than in Mime’s cave.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This is why Mime is threatened by Siegfried </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">bringing a bear to his dwelling, rather than by the danger that such an animal imposes </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">toward him.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A definitive Jewish 'mother', Mime is as unlike his foster child as he could be.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">is sly and adept at the craft of dissembling, attempts to use the boy as a means of</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">furthering his own gain, is cowardly and even paranoiac, and is imbued with physical</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">features that, within the spectrum of the typical corporeal iconographies of race</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">, characterize him as diametrically opposed to the young Aryan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">That the Volsung-as-German hero is the opposite of the Nibelung-as-Jew is suggested in</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">‘Das Judentum in der Musik’ when Wagner writes that:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> ‘<i>we cannot imagine an antique or </i></span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">modern character, be it a hero or a lover, represented by a Jew on stage, without in the </i><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">process sensing the inappropriateness – to the point of comedy – of such an idea</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">’ </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried himself repeatedly draws attention to the difference between his physiology and that of his foster parent and in so doing underscores the fact of the indelible appearance, in the corporeal encoding, of racial difference.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This surfaces most vehemently when Siegfried scorns Mime for claiming to be his parent(s), and the basis for his anger toward, and hatred of Mime are founded on the obvious physical and racial differences between the two.</span></div>
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Mime’s character is exemplified by the inherent capacity for treachery and the drive to deceive for personal gain.</div>
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In this case it is an elaborate plan to command the Ring himself, returning to the premise of an individual displaying the greed of his race.</div>
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Wagner intentionally shows this defect in both Alberich and Mime to make it an established criteria found in all Nibelungs.</div>
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Also, by allowing Mime’s deception to be easily deduced by the natural reasoning of his hero Siegfried, Wagner shows the insult Mime makes toward Siegfried’s intelligence, which he naturally possesses as a virtue of his superior race.</div>
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Thus, the Nibelungs (Jews) are belittled by their own ignorance in believing that they are capable of deceiving a noble and virtuous race.</div>
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But to return to the story of Siegfried. Siegfried is the son of Siegmund and Sieglinde - (see '<a href="http://theperfectwagnerite.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/die-walkure-is-second-of-four-operas.html">Die Walküre</a>') - whom we meet as a young man several years later.</div>
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Siegfried is a German language male given name, composed from the Germanic elements sig "victory" and frithu "protection, peace".</div>
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Both Wotan and Alberich see in Siegfried, the innocent and fearless hero, the means by which they might regain the ring.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AGsI0bbjh04/UdBkxjNpylI/AAAAAAAASmg/NsH1FBpaqsA/s440/Sieglinde+und+Mime+-+Siegfried+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AGsI0bbjh04/UdBkxjNpylI/AAAAAAAASmg/NsH1FBpaqsA/s320/Sieglinde+und+Mime+-+Siegfried+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">So too does Alberich's brother Mime, who raised Siegfried in the forest after his mother died in childbirth. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Using the magical tarnhelm, Fafner the giant has transformed himself into a dragon to protect his gold.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime encourages Siegfried to challenge the dragon in order to learn the meaning of fear, which Siegfried has never experienced.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime attempts to repair the broken sword which he got from Sieglinde, but each time Siegfried easily smashes it against the anvil.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Siegfried schmiedet das Schwert Nothung<br />
<a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Zac</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Finally Siegfried begins the task himself, melts the pieces of his father's sword to create a stronger weapon, and this time splits the anvil with one stroke.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">With his new version of the sword Nothung, Siegfried kills Fafner and takes the ring and the tarnhelm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He then kills Mime who was trying to poison him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Having tasted the dragon's blood, Siegfried now understands the language of the birds in the forest, who tell him of a beautiful maiden asleep on a fiery mountaintop.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When Siegfried seeks her out, Wotan is standing guard, but this time Northung shatters Wotan's spear, symbol of his authority.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The rule of the gods nears its end as Wotan admits his defeat at the hands of a free human being.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Finally Siegfried strides through the fire to find the sleeping Brunnhilde, and they fall deeply in love.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Junge Siegfried mit Mime</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime Forging Northung</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">But to begin, as Wagner's story begins ... in a cave in the forest, the Nibelung dwarf Mime, Alberich's brother, is forging a sword.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime is plotting to obtain the Ring for himself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He has raised the human boy Siegfried as a foster child, to kill the dragon, Fafner, who guards the Ring and other treasures.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He needs a sword for Siegfried to use, but the youth has broken every sword he has made.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried returns from his wanderings in the forest with a wild bear that he caught and demands his new sword, which he immediately breaks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After Siegfried's tantrum and a carefully studied speech by Mime about Siegfried's ingratitude toward him, Siegfried comes to understand why he keeps coming back to Mime although he despises him: he wants to know his parentage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime is forced to explain how he took in Siegfried's mother, Sieglinde, who died giving birth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He shows Siegfried the broken pieces of Nothung, which he obtained from her.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EuuzCxJKHeA/UdClzpaPqpI/AAAAAAAASps/ZuY7gWed3bc/s432/Wotan+-+Wanderer+und+Mime+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EuuzCxJKHeA/UdClzpaPqpI/AAAAAAAASps/ZuY7gWed3bc/s200/Wotan+-+Wanderer+und+Mime+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="124" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan und Mime</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried orders him to reforge the sword, which he cannot do because the metal will not yield to his best techniques.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried departs, leaving Mime in despair.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">An old man (Wotan in disguise) arrives at the door and introduces himself as the Wanderer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In return for the hospitality due a guest, he wagers his head on answering any three questions or riddles from Mime.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The dwarf agrees in order to get rid of his unwelcome guest.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He asks the Wanderer to name the races that live beneath the ground, on the earth, and in the skies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">These are the Nibelung, the Giants, and the Gods, as the Wanderer answers correctly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime tells the Wanderer to be on his way but is forced to wager his own head on three more riddles for breaking the law of hospitality.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime mit dem Wanderer</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lhLxuTsxauw/VeAY23gJiGI/AAAAAAAAaX4/MIk-5mwFGdE/s1600/Siegfried%2Bund%2BMime%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BDer%2BRing%2BDes%2BNibelugen%2B-%2BPerfect%2BWagnerite%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lhLxuTsxauw/VeAY23gJiGI/AAAAAAAAaX4/MIk-5mwFGdE/s200/Siegfried%2Bund%2BMime%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BDer%2BRing%2BDes%2BNibelugen%2B-%2BPerfect%2BWagnerite%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="141" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Siegfried und Nothung<br />
Arthur Rackham</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Wanderer asks him to name the race most beloved of Wotan, but most harshly treated; the name of the sword that can destroy Fafner; and the person who can make the blade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime answers the first two questions: the Wälsungs and Nothung, however, he cannot answer the last. Wotan spares Mime, telling him that only "<i>he who does not know fear</i>" can reforge Nothung, and leaves Mime's head forfeit to that person.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried returns and is annoyed by Mime's lack of progress.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime realizes that Siegfried is "<i>the one who does not know fear</i>" and that unless he can instill fear in him, Siegfried will kill him in accordance with the Wanderer's prediction.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">Siegfried mit Nothung</a><br />
<a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Zac</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He tells Siegfried that fear is an essential craft; Siegfried is eager to learn it, and Mime promises to teach him by bringing him to Fafner.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Since Mime was unable to forge Nothung, Siegfried decides to do it himself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He succeeds by shredding the metal, melting it, and casting it anew.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the meantime, Mime brews a poisoned drink to offer Siegfried after the youth has defeated the dragon. After he finishes forging the sword, Siegfried demonstrates its strength by chopping the anvil in half with it.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">Siegfried in the Forest</a><br />
<a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright </span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Zac</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Wanderer arrives at the entrance to Fafner's cave, where Alberich is keeping vigil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The old enemies quickly recognize each other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alberich blusters, boasting of his plans for regaining the ring and ruling the World.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan calmly states that he does not intend to interfere, only to observe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He even offers to awaken Fafner so that Alberich can bargain with him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alberich warns the dragon that a hero is coming to fight him, and offers to prevent the fight in return for the Ring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fafner dismisses the threat, declines Alberich's offer, and returns to sleep.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan leaves and Alberich withdraws.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ykONwsZdBgQ/UdBtAVCppuI/AAAAAAAASoI/FnZ1zmndjz8/s466/ime+guides+Siegfried+-+Fritz+Lang+-+Richard+Wagner+-+Music+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ykONwsZdBgQ/UdBtAVCppuI/AAAAAAAASoI/FnZ1zmndjz8/s200/ime+guides+Siegfried+-+Fritz+Lang+-+Richard+Wagner+-+Music+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Siegfried wird von Mime zu fafnir geführt</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At daybreak, Siegfried and Mime arrive.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lzioOHuSciU/UdBomT2lKQI/AAAAAAAASnY/9ZP-zFuIDMo/s915/Niebelungen+-+Siegfried+and+the+Dragon+-+1924+-++Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lzioOHuSciU/UdBomT2lKQI/AAAAAAAASnY/9ZP-zFuIDMo/s200/Niebelungen+-+Siegfried+and+the+Dragon+-+1924+-++Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried und der Drache Fafner</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime decides to draw back while Siegfried confronts the dragon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As Siegfried waits for the dragon to appear, he notices a woodbird in a tree.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Befriending it, he attempts to mimic the bird's song using a reed pipe, but is unsuccessful.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He then plays a tune on his horn, which brings Fafner out of his cave.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After a short exchange, they fight, and Siegfried stabs Fafner in the heart with Nothung.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">Siegfried badet in Fafner Blut</a><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">© Copyright Zac Sawyer 2015</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7CPdX3ZkFa0/UdHp4sJCoLI/AAAAAAAAS54/nzOoBYbPlmY/s440/Siegfried+mit+dem+Waldvogel+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7CPdX3ZkFa0/UdHp4sJCoLI/AAAAAAAAS54/nzOoBYbPlmY/s200/Siegfried+mit+dem+Waldvogel+-+Wagner+-+Der+Ring+Des+Nibelugen+-+Perfect+Wagnerite+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="146" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried mit dem Waldvogel</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In his last moments, Fafner learns Siegfried's name, and tells him to beware of treachery.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When Siegfried draws his sword from the corpse, his hands are burned by the dragon's blood, and he instinctively puts them to his mouth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On tasting the blood, he finds that he can understand the woodbird's song.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Following its instructions, he takes the Ring and the Tarnhelm from Fafner's hoard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Outside the cave, Alberich and Mime quarrel loudly over the treasure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alberich hides as Siegfried comes out of the cave.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime greets Siegfried; Siegfried complains that he has still not learned the meaning of fear.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mime offers him the poisoned drink, however, the lingering effect of the dragon's blood allows Siegfried to read Mime's treacherous thoughts, and he stabs him to death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alberich, observing from offstage, shouts sadistic laughter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried then throws Mime's body into the treasure cave and places Fafner's body in the cave entrance to block it as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The woodbird now sings of a woman sleeping on a rock surrounded by magic fire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried, wondering if he can learn fear from this woman, heads toward the mountain.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried und Brünnhilde</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Wanderer appears on the path to Brünnhilde's rock and summons Erda, the earth goddess.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Erda, appearing confused, is unable to offer any advice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan informs her that he no longer fears the end of the gods; indeed, it is his desire.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His heritage will be left to Siegfried the Wälsung, and their (Erda's and Wotan's) child, Brünnhilde, will "work the deed that redeems the World."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dismissed, Erda sinks back into the earth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried arrives, and the Wanderer questions the youth. Siegfried, who does not recognize his grandfather, answers insolently and starts down the path toward Brünnhilde's rock.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Wanderer blocks his path, but Siegfried breaks Wotan's spear with a blow from Nothung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan calmly gathers up the pieces and vanishes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried enters the ring of fire, emerging on Brünnhilde's rock.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At first, he thinks the armored figure is a man, however, when he removes the armor, he finds a woman beneath.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At the sight of the first woman he has ever seen, Siegfried at last experiences fear.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In desperation, he kisses Brünnhilde, waking her from her magic sleep.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hesitant at first, Brünnhilde is won over by Siegfried's love, and renounces the world of the gods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Together, they hail "light-bringing love, and laughing death."</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NXFcd4vTWNA/VeITYMHCRwI/AAAAAAAAaaY/gpRufSmpvoQ/s1600/Siefried%2Bund%2BBr%25C3%25BCnhilde%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015%2B%2B-%2B%2BDie%2BWalk%25C3%25BCre%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NXFcd4vTWNA/VeITYMHCRwI/AAAAAAAAaaY/gpRufSmpvoQ/s400/Siefried%2Bund%2BBr%25C3%25BCnhilde%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2015%2B%2B-%2B%2BDie%2BWalk%25C3%25BCre%2B-%2BWagner.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-siegfried.html" target="_blank">© Copyright Zac Sawyer 2015</a></span></div>
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<i>'Lachend erwachst du Wonnige mir:</i><br />
<i>Brünnhilde lebt, Brünnhilde lacht!</i><br />
<i>Heil dem Tage, der uns umleuchtet!</i><br />
<i>Heil der Sonne, die uns bescheint!</i><br />
<i>Heil der Welt, der Brünnhilde lebt!</i><br />
<i>Sie wacht, sie lebt,</i><br />
<i>sie lacht mir entgegen.</i><br />
<i>Prangend strahlt mir Brünnhildes Stern!</i><br />
<i>Sie ist mir ewig, ist mir immer,</i><br />
<i>Erb' und Eigen, ein und all:</i><br />
<i>leuchtende Liebe, lachender Tod!'</i><br />
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<tr><td><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-gotterdammerung.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="57" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ci9Blurfx2k/VgLLsRxDw6I/AAAAAAAAbmw/qW_7tZlh8F0/s400/Twilight%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgods%2B-%2BText.png" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://zcswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-complete-wagner-gotterdammerung.html" target="_blank">© Copyright Zac Sawyer 2015</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While Siegfried is an enjoyable adventure story, involving the killing of a dragon, chats with the birds, the chopping off a a nasty little dwarf's head, a trip down the Rhine, and at the end - a beautiful girl, Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods) is rather different.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While Siegfried is still the hero of the story, the tale now takes on a tragic twist, - so tragic as to encompass the end of Siegfried, </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde, Hagen and even the gods themselves.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is the last in Richard Wagner's cycle of four operas titled 'Der Ring des Nibelungen' (The Ring of the Nibelung).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The title is a translation into German of the Old Norse phrase Ragnarök, which in Norse mythology refers to a prophesied war among various beings and gods that ultimately results in the burning, immersion in water, and renewal of the world, however, as with the rest of the Ring, Wagner's account diverges significantly from his Old Norse sources.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Norse mythology is unique in that it includes a narration of future events, the end of the gods in a great battle. Ragnarok means "fate or doom of the gods" which in German becomes 'Gotterdammerung', (Twilight of the Gods).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The great battle is preceded by three year-long winters and general moral decay.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Ominous signs appear: wolves that eat the sun and moon, and the stars fall.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">The Wolf Fenrir</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Bifrost - Rainbow Bridge</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At Ragnarok, Loki escapes his chains (his punishment for plotting Balder's death), captains the ship Naglfar (made of dead men's nails) to attack Asgard along with the frost giants, riding on tidal waves created by the loosing of Jormungandr, the world serpent, from the ocean bottom.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fenrir the giant wolf breaks his bonds, and Surt and the fire-demons attack from the south.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Heimdall, guardian of the Rainbow Bridge (Bifrost), who never sleeps and sees and hears everything, sounds his trumpet as warning, but it's too late to avoid the final battle.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the battle all the gods meet their end: Wotan is swallowed by Fenrir, who in turn is torn asunder by Wotan's son Vidar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Thor kills Jormungandr but dies of its venom.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Loki and Heimdall kill each other.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Surt kills Freyr, then destroys the world by fire.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Some things manage to survive Ragnarok: Valhalla itself, Thor's hammer and his two sons, Odin's favorite son Balder returns to life, and two humans, protected under the World Ash Tree Yggdrasil, who repopulate the world.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner's innovation was to link the story of the gods' end with the death of Siegfried and Brunnhilde.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Siegfried and Brunhilde</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-43qilOagpJw/UdDMP4YsHSI/AAAAAAAASu8/yuy8LHPJeIc/s407/The+Norns+-+Urd_Past_Verdani_Present_Skuld_Future+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-43qilOagpJw/UdDMP4YsHSI/AAAAAAAASu8/yuy8LHPJeIc/s200/The+Norns+-+Urd_Past_Verdani_Present_Skuld_Future+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The opening scene of Wagner's version of Götterdämmerung depicts the Norns, daughters of Erda, weaving the threads of fate at the base of the World Ash Tree.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Norns in Nordic mythology are female beings who rule the destiny of gods and men, and comparable to the 'Fates' in Greek mythology.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The three most important norns, Wyrd, Verðandi and Skuld, come out from a hall standing at the Wwell of Fate, and they draw water from the well and take sand that lies around it, which they pour over Yggdrasill so that its branches will not rot.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ther is a theory that the three main norns should each be associated exclusively with the past, the present, and the future.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Norns see glimpses of things to come involving Siegfried before the thread mysteriously breaks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The scene shifts to the mountain where the two lovers are saying their farewells before Siegfried leaves in search of adventure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried gives the ring to Brunnhilde for safe-keeping as a symbol of their love.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Hall of the Gibichungs</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Traveling down the Rhine river, Siegfried arrives at the hall of the Gibichungs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In a dream Alberich incites his son Hagen to help him regain the ring, which Hagen does with the unwitting aid of his half-brother and sister, Gunther and Gutrune.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen gives Siegfried a drugged drink, causing him to forget his relationship with Brunnhilde, and he falls in love with Gutrune instead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Meanwhile, one of Brunnhilde's sisters arrives at the mountain to tell her that Wotan has cut branches off Yggdrasil (the World Ash Tree) and has surrounded Valhalla with them, intending to set himself and the gods on fire.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Yggdrasil - World Ash Tree</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In Norse mythology, Yggdrasil is an immense tree that is central in Norse cosmology, in connection to which the nine worlds exist.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yggdrasil is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, Yggdrasil is an immense ash tree that is central and considered very holy. The gods go to Yggdrasil daily to assemble at their things. The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations; one to the well Urðarbrunnr in the heavens, one to the spring Hvergelmir, and another to the well Mímisbrunnr. Creatures live within Yggdrasil, including the wyrm (dragon) Níðhöggr, an unnamed eagle, and the stags Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Conflicting scholarly theories have been proposed about the etymology of the name Yggdrasill, the possibility that the tree is of another species than ash, the relation to tree lore and to Eurasian shamanic lore, the possible relation to the trees Mímameiðr and Læraðr, Hoddmímis holt, the sacred tree at Uppsala, and the fate of Yggdrasil during the events of Ragnarök.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">She asks Brunnhilde to return the ring to Wotan but she refuses.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried then appears but has transformed himself into the guise of Gunther with the help of the tarnhelm.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He forcibly takes back the ring and kidnaps Brunnhilde for the real Gunther to marry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On discovering Siegfried's treachery, Brunnhilde betrays him to Hagen, revealing how Siegfried may be killed by striking him in the back, the only place that she has not covered with a protective spell.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen promptly slays him during a hunt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Learning too late that Hagen has tricked them both in order to regain the ring, Brunnhilde orders Siegfried's funeral pyre to be lit and she rides her horse into it, forgiving Siegfried and uniting them in death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan and the other gods are consumed by the flames that destroy Valhalla.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen is drowned in the rising waters of the Rhine, as the Rhine-daughters repossess the ring; its curse is lifted when it is returned to nature.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This scene mirrors the opening of 'Rhinegold' (the first of the four operas that comprise the Ring cycle), with the three Rhinedaughters and the crime against nature with the theft of the gold, which Wagner reminds us of with the Rhine motif.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Three Norns, Erda's daughters, weave the threads of fate (their weaving becomes an inversion of the Rhine motif).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They sing of long ago when they wove at the base of the World Ash Tree.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There Wotan gave up an eye to drink from the stream of wisdom, but also he tore a limb from the tree to make his spear.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Because of this violence, the tree is now dead, the result of Wotan's abuse of power, perverting his wisdom, symbolized by the stream of wisdom drying up.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Norns tell of the final collapse of the old world order which has become rotten at its 'roots.'</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The tree now provides the funeral pyre for the waiting gods, resigned to their doom.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As the Norns weave their rope around the rocks, it breaks, signifying the end of Erda's foreknowledge, but does this mean fate no longer rules, that humanity is now completely free?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fate (or 'lot') is mentioned infrequently in the text of the Ring, mostly in Valkyrie - but the Fate motif is heard frequently (ex: when Brunnhilde enters to prepare Siegmund for death, before the Wanderer/Erda confrontation, at Siegfried's discovery of Brunnhilde, her confusion at his later betrayal, at Siegfried's last breath, at the immolation scene).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mythological background to the World Ash Tree:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yggdrasil (old Norse name) lies at the center of the world, its three roots separating Asgard (land of the gods), the land of the Frost Giants, and Hel (name for both the place of the dead and its queen). The World Tree represents and sustains life, and its fate determines life's end (Ragnarok). A serpent gnaws at its roots; three Norns (Fate, Being, Necessity) sit at its base at the well of Urd and carve runes in its trunk telling the future of each person. Also at its base lies Mimir's well of wisdom (Mimisbrunn) where Odin came for a drink and left one eye as payment. One cryptic reference in the Poetic Edda implies that Odin hung himself on the tree for nine days, pierced with his spear, in order to gain control of the magic runes (one of his names is "God of the hanged"). Some critics think this might be a late Christian influence on the older myth. Wagner invented the ideas of Wotan's tearing a branch from the tree, causing it to wither and die, and using its wood for kindling at the fiery end of Valhalla.</span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When the rope breaks, the themes of the Ring's Curse and Siegfried's horn and sword predict a future that the Norns can no longer see.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Later, Siegfried boasts to the Rhinedaughters that his sword can sever the Norn's thread into which the curse is woven.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Fate</i> is closely associated with the ring and its <i>curse</i> throughout, so breaking the rope may not mean the end of fate itself but the end of the curse, and the gods' foreknowledge and influence in the world.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried doesn't escape the curse, but his actions, along with Brunnhilde's devotion unto death, eventually break it.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When we next see Siegfried and Brunnhilde, both receive new motifs (Siegfried's is a majestic version of his horn call), signifying their new relationship and <i>new beginning</i>.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brunnhilde is no longer the warrior maid but a mortal woman.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, the hope heard in these new themes won't last long.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Both of them are unknowingly caught up and manipulated by the old order.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They too must perish before humanity can be truly free of the gods' influence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As day breaks, Siegfried and Brünnhilde emerge from their cave, high on a mountaintop surrounded by magic fire.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde sends Siegfried off to new adventures, urging him to keep their love in mind.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As a pledge of fidelity, Siegfried gives her the Ring of Power that he took from Fafner's hoard.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bearing Brünnhilde's shield, and mounting her horse Grane, Siegfried rides away.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried arrives eventually at the Gibichung hall.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Gibichungs are a Germanic trib dwelling by the Rhine.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gunther, lord of the Gibichungs, sits enthroned.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His half-brother and chief minister, Hagen, advises him to find a wife for himself and a husband for their sister Gutrune.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He suggests Brünnhilde for Gunther's wife, and Siegfried for Gutrune's husband.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He reminds Gutrune that he has given her a potion that she can use to make Siegfried forget Brünnhilde and fall in love with Gutrune; under its influence, Siegfried will win Brünnhilde for Gunther.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gunther and Gutrune agree enthusiastically with this plan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried appears at Gibichung Hall, seeking to meet Gunther. Gunther extends his hospitality to the hero, and Gutrune offers him the love potion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Unaware of the deception, Siegfried toasts Brünnhilde and their love.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Drinking the potion, he loses his memory of Brünnhilde and falls in love with Gutrune instead.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In his drugged state, Siegfried offers to win a wife for Gunther, who tells him about Brünnhilde and the magic fire which only a fearless person can cross.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They swear blood-brotherhood and leave for Brünnhilde's rock.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">(Hagen holds the drinking horn in which they mix their blood, but he does not join in the oath.)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen, left on guard duty, gloats that his so-called masters are unwittingly bringing the Ring to him (Monologue: Hagen's watch).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Meanwhile, Brünnhilde is visited by her Valkyrie sister Waltraute, who tells her that Wotan returned from his wanderings with his spear Gungnir shattered.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan is dismayed at losing his spear, as it has all the<i> treaties</i> and<i> laws</i> he has made - everything that gives him <i>power</i> - carved into its shaft in runes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan ordered branches of Yggdrasil, the World tree, to be piled around Valhalla; sent his magic ravens to spy on the world and bring him news; and currently waits in Valhalla for the end.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Rhinemaidens</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Waltraute begs Brünnhilde to return the Ring to the Rhinemaidens, since the Ring's curse is now affecting their father, Wotan, however, Brünnhilde refuses to relinquish Siegfried's token of love, and Waltraute rides away in despair.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried arrives, disguised as Gunther by using the Tarnhelm, and claims Brünnhilde as his wife.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Though Brünnhilde resists violently, Siegfried overpowers her, snatching the Ring from her hand and placing it on his own.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen, waiting by the bank of the Rhine, is visited in his semi-waking sleep (sitting up, eyes open, but motionless) by his father, Alberich.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On Alberich's urging, he swears to kill Siegfried and acquire the Ring.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alberich exits as dawn breaks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried arrives via Tarnhelm-magic, having resumed his natural form, and left Brünnhilde on the boat with Gunther.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen summons the Gibichung vassals to welcome Gunther and his bride by sounding the war-alarm.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The vassals are surprised to learn that the occasion is not battle, but their master's wedding and party.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gunther leads in a downcast Brünnhilde, who is astonished to see Siegfried.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Noticing the Ring on Siegfried's hand, she realizes she has been betrayed - that the man who conquered her was not Gunther, but Siegfried in disguise.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">She denounces Siegfried in front of Gunther's vassals, and accuses Siegfried of having seduced her himself.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried swears on Hagen's spear that her accusations are false.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde seizes the tip of the spear and swears that they are true.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Once again Hagen supervises silently as others take oaths to his advantage, but this time, since the oath is sworn on a weapon, the understanding is that if the oath is proven false, the weapon's owner should avenge it by killing the perjurer with that weapon.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried then leads Gutrune and the bystanders off to the wedding feast, leaving Brünnhilde, Hagen, and Gunther alone by the shore.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Deeply shamed by Brünnhilde's outburst, Gunther agrees to Hagen's suggestion that Siegfried must be slain for Gunther's standing to be regained. Brünnhilde, seeking revenge for Siegfried's manifest treachery, joins the plot and tells Hagen that Siegfried would be vulnerable to a stab in the back.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen and Gunther decide to lure Siegfried on a hunting-trip and murder him.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde and Gunther then vow, in the name of Wotan, "<i>guardian of oaths</i>", to kill Siegfried, while Hagen repeats his pledge to Alberich: to acquire the Ring and rule the world through its power.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Siegfried and the Rhinemaidens</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rheintöchter</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the woods by the bank of the Rhine, the Rhinemaidens mourn the lost Rhine gold.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried happens by, separated from the hunting party.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They urge him to return the Ring and avoid its curse, but he laughs at them and says he prefers to die rather than bargain for his life.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They swim away, predicting that Siegfried <i>will</i> die, and that his heir, a lady, will treat them more fairly.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried rejoins the hunters, who include Gunther and Hagen.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">While resting, he tells them about the adventures of his youth.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen gives him another potion, which restores his memory, and he tells of discovering the sleeping Brünnhilde and awakening her with a kiss.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Der Tod von Siegfried'<br />
<a href="http://completerichardwagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> Zac</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2015</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wotan's ravens fly up distracting Siegfried, and Hagen stabs him in the back with his spear.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The others look on in horror, and Hagen explains in three words ("<i>Meineid rächt sich!" – "Perjury avenges itself"</i>) that since Siegfried admitted loving Brünnhilde, the oath he swore on Hagen's spear was obviously false, therefore it was Hagen's duty to kill him with it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen calmly walks away into the wood.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Dolchstoßlegende, was the notion, widely believed in right-wing circles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose World War I but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front, especially the republicans who overthrew the monarchy. To many Germans, the expression "stab in the back" was evocative of Richard Wagner's opera Götterdämmerung, in which Hagen murders his enemy Siegfried with a spear in his back.</span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried recollects his awakening of Brünnhilde and dies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">His body is carried away in a solemn funeral procession.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Back in the Gibichung Hall, Gutrune awaits Siegfried's return.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen arrives ahead of the funeral party.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gutrune is devastated when Siegfried's corpse is brought in.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gunther blames Siegfried's death on Hagen, who replies that Siegfried had incurred the penalty of his false oath, and further, claims the Ring on Siegfried's finger by right of conquest.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When Gunther objects, Hagen appeals to the vassals to support his claim.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gunther draws his sword, but Hagen attacks and easily kills him, however, as Hagen moves to take the Ring, Siegfried's hand rises threateningly.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen recoils in fear.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gutrune meanwhile dies of grief.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde then makes her entrance, and takes charge of events.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brünnhilde issues orders for a huge funeral pyre to be assembled by the river.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">She takes the Ring, and tells the Rhinemaidens to claim it from her ashes, once fire has cleansed it of its curse.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Lighting the pyre with a firebrand, she sends Wotan's ravens home with "<i>anxiously longed-for tidings</i>".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After an apostrophe to the dead hero, Brünnhilde mounts her horse Grane, and rides into the flames.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The fire flares up, and the hall of the Gibichungs catches fire and collapses.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Rhine overflows its banks, quenching the fire, and the Rhinemaidens swim in to claim the Ring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hagen tries to stop them, but they drag him into the depths and drown him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As they celebrate the return of the Ring and its gold to the river, a red glow is seen in the sky.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As the people watch, deeply moved, the interior of Valhalla is finally seen, with gods and heroes visible.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Götterdämmerung</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Flames flare up in the Hall of the Gods, hiding it and them from sight completely as the gods are consumed in the flames.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">With the emphasis now on freedom <i>from</i> the will rather than freedom <i>of</i> the will, the heroic center of the cycle shifted from Siegfried to Wotan and Brunnhilde, who both learn that redemption comes through<i> self-renunciation</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The will of the god that once ruled the world now wills to <i>renounce</i> its claims.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The deaths of Siegfried and Brunnhilde are now seen as an earthly image of Wotan's own renunciation, their funeral pyre a reflection of the burning of Valhalla.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner's unique 'Romanticism' was both <i>idealistic</i> (infinite longing) and <i>fatalistic</i> (inevitable disappointment).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Attempting through abuse of power to hold onto what we cannot keep causes us to hurt and destroy others and is ultimately futile.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Wagner finally chose not to rely on words to express the poem's final meaning but on his music.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The final bars of Götterdämmerung speak of the beauty and harmonyof '<i>new world order</i>', despite the death of heroes and gods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">POSTSCRIPT</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In both the Kaiserreich and the Drittes Reich Siegfried was, for many, the archetypal German male, just as Brunhilde was seen as the archetypal wife and lover (more so, even than Isolde).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This, of course, introduced into German culture (if it were not already present), the concepts of closeness and an afinity with and to nature - which was taken up by the apostles of Regenerierung (regeneration), and the followers of Lebensreform, along with an exaltation of masculinity, physical health and beauty, and martial prowess.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In addition, the spirit of self-overcoming (Nietzsche), selflessness (Schopenhauer), and the willingness to face death - and even die - all became attributes of the truly German male.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Interestingly, the name 'Siegfried' was used to indicate the German army's defensive line in the Great War.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Siegfriedstellung' was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses in northern France, built during 1916–1917, as a section of the Hindenburg Line.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In English, however, the term "Siegfried Line" commonly referred to the "Westwall", the German term for a similar World War II-era defensive line built further east during the 1930s opposite the French Maginot Line.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Significantly, however, the wall was named after Siegfried in the hope that it would inspire a 'death or glory' defense of the 'Fatherland'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Siegfried was not only extolled in performances of Wagner's operas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The young hero also got dusted off and given what was, at the time, a very modern treatment.</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YZ9bI3Blv8g/VgMTQA7gPcI/AAAAAAAAboE/yrsz7JVQNkE/s1600/Siegfried%2B-%2BNibelung%2B2%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2Bcopy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YZ9bI3Blv8g/VgMTQA7gPcI/AAAAAAAAboE/yrsz7JVQNkE/s200/Siegfried%2B-%2BNibelung%2B2%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2Bcopy.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Fritz Lang</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Fritz Lang, and eminent Austrian director, working in Germany, for UFA, created a cinematic version of the Siegfried myth with his epic film, 'Nibelungen - Siegfried'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The film premiered in Berlin on February 24, 1924 in what was nearly a “fiasco.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A few days before the premiere, Lang decided to re-edit the film !</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">He was still working on it when show time rolled around and taxis were taking each reel as Lang finished the edit from the studio to the theater — a 45-minute drive — to be rushed to the projection booth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Originally released in two halves as 'Die Nibelungen: Siegfried' and 'Die Nibelungen: Kriemhilde’s Rache', the film spend five hours exploring the tension between the passions that drive society onwards, and the rules developed to govern that society’s violent impulses, and channel them into more productive pursuits such as the construction of a modern state governed by enlightened individuals.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oBHVtD7Wk4w/VgMRdsk7E_I/AAAAAAAAbn0/Nx1JxqkFyU8/s1600/Adolf%2BHitler%2Band%2BLeni%2BRiefenstahl%2B-%2B%2BFilm%2Bin%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich%2B%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oBHVtD7Wk4w/VgMRdsk7E_I/AAAAAAAAbn0/Nx1JxqkFyU8/s200/Adolf%2BHitler%2Band%2BLeni%2BRiefenstahl%2B-%2B%2BFilm%2Bin%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich%2B%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BThird%2BReich.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank">Adolf Hitler and Leni Riefenstahl</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HTLn4Dy7ZqI/VgMRFSkbqHI/AAAAAAAAbns/jLVAr9wFhmc/s1600/Siegfried%2BKracauer%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2B-%2BCalagari%2Bto%2BHitler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HTLn4Dy7ZqI/VgMRFSkbqHI/AAAAAAAAbns/jLVAr9wFhmc/s200/Siegfried%2BKracauer%2B-%2BSiegfried%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2B-%2BCalagari%2Bto%2BHitler.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Siegfried Kracauer</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In his remarkable book 'From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film', author Siegfried Kracauer’s thesis is that the German films of the 1920s were filled with premonitions of Adolf Hitler, and that Fritz Lang’s “Die Nibelungen” helped pave the way for the National Socialists to take power.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kracauer’s book covers numerous films (and several other Lang films) although he draws a direct link between “Die Nibelungen” and<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank"> Leni Riefenstahl</a>’s superb documentary “<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank">Triumph des Willens</a>”</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r5r_A54tktY/VgUaeUgTPQI/AAAAAAAAbwo/__sQ0vD77GE/s1600/Triumph%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWill%2B-%2BFinal%2Bscene%2B-%2BN%25C3%25BCrnberg%2BReichsparteitag%2B-%2BGermany%2B1900-1939%2B-%2BThird%2BReich-%2BNSDAP%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-r5r_A54tktY/VgUaeUgTPQI/AAAAAAAAbwo/__sQ0vD77GE/s200/Triumph%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWill%2B-%2BFinal%2Bscene%2B-%2BN%25C3%25BCrnberg%2BReichsparteitag%2B-%2BGermany%2B1900-1939%2B-%2BThird%2BReich-%2BNSDAP%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">'Triumph des Willens'</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-nurnberg-reichsparteitag.html" target="_blank">Triumph des Willens</a>' is a 1935 documentary film directed, produced, edited and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-nurnberg-reichsparteitag.html" target="_blank">1934 Nürnberg Reichsparteitag</a>, which was attended by more than 700,000 NSDAP supporters. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by party leaders at the Congress, interspersed with footage of massed Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel troops and public reaction. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer; his name appears in the opening titles. The film's overriding theme is the return of Germany as a great power, with Adolf Hitler as the leader</span> </span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DyqW6iz0PjU/VgUSW6GurzI/AAAAAAAAbvw/Aakr8y1xsv8/s1600/leni%2Briefenstahl%2B-%2BJavelin%2BThrower%2B-%2BOlympia%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1936%2BOlympic%2BGames%2B-%2BReflections%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DyqW6iz0PjU/VgUSW6GurzI/AAAAAAAAbvw/Aakr8y1xsv8/s200/leni%2Briefenstahl%2B-%2BJavelin%2BThrower%2B-%2BOlympia%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1936%2BOlympic%2BGames%2B-%2BReflections%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Olympia</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yNsGKuEafxs/VgUZlkhn0aI/AAAAAAAAbwg/VAfJRsrtxAw/s1600/Fest%2Bder%2BV%25C3%25B6lker%2BLeni%2BRiefenstahl%2B-%2B1936%2BBerlin%2BOlympic%2BGames%2B-%2BThird%2BReich.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yNsGKuEafxs/VgUZlkhn0aI/AAAAAAAAbwg/VAfJRsrtxAw/s200/Fest%2Bder%2BV%25C3%25B6lker%2BLeni%2BRiefenstahl%2B-%2B1936%2BBerlin%2BOlympic%2BGames%2B-%2BThird%2BReich.png" width="123" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Olympia</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1936, Hitler invited Riefenstahl to film the <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank">Olympic Games in Berlin</a>.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">She also went to Greece to take footage of the games' original site at Olympia, where she was aided by Greek photographer Nelly, along with route of the inaugural torch relay.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This material became '<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank">Olympia</a>', an incredibly successful film, which has since been widely noted for its technical and <i>aesthetic </i>achievements.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">She was one of the first filmmakers to use tracking shots in a documentary, placing a camera on rails to follow the athletes' movement, and she is noted for the slow motion shots included in the film.</span></span></blockquote>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJe7QJwUDZ4/VgMTgbeF6FI/AAAAAAAAboM/QI50vDXX75g/s1600/Nibelungen%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2B-%2BDeutschland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gJe7QJwUDZ4/VgMTgbeF6FI/AAAAAAAAboM/QI50vDXX75g/s200/Nibelungen%2B-%2BFritz%2BLang%2B-%2BDeutschland.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">“These patterns of authority in “Die Nibelungen” collaborate in deepening Fate’s irresistible power,” </i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Kracauer wrote.</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> “Certain specific human ornaments in the film also denote as well the omnipotence of dictatorship. It is the complete triumph of the ornamental over the human. Absolute authority asserts itself by arranging people under its domination in pleasing designs. </i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-style: italic;">This can also be seen in the Nazi regime, which manifested strong ornamental inclinations in organizing masses. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Whenever Hitler made public speeches, he surveyed not so much hundreds of thousands of listeners as an enormous ornament consisting of hundreds of thousands of particles. ‘Triumph of the Will,’ the official Nazi film of the Nuremberg Party Convention in 1934, proves that in shaping their mass-ornaments the Nazi decorators drew inspiration from ‘Die Nibelungen’.”</i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler and Dr. Josef Goebbels</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler and Dr. Josef Goebbels were known fans of the film, although their appreciation was limited to “Siegfried”, as they felt that “Kriemhild’s Revenge” was too nihilistic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is easy to see why both Adolf Hitler and Dr. Joseph Goebels claimed 'Die Nibelungen' as one of their favorite films.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Aside from the Germanic origins of the Nibelungen stories, Lang also draws heavily upon the idea that a group of blond-haired heroes might emerge from the common muck of humanity and, through sheer force of character, build a shining civilization on a hill.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In line with this, 'Die Weltbühne' wrote: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>“The evil dwarf Alberich, who represents obscure powers, is, and it can’t be mistaken, depicted as a Jew. Not a handsome Jew, naturally, but as a vile Jew.”</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And it is seemingly obvious that Lang’s film presents the Dwarves as a treacherous Jews, </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">and the emotional energies unleashed by Kriemhild at the end of the film as a tide of dark-skinned savages from the East.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This is not just a film that is of its time, this is a film that perfectly captures a time when a society’s capacity to regulate its own behavior can no longer cope with the violent forces at work in the culture at large.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Interestingly, parts of the orchestral score Wagner’s 'Der Ring des Nibelungen' were used as accompaniment 1924 US release, as well as the German version released by the National Socialists.</span></div>
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for more information about the 'Aryan Race' follow the link below<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">'<a href="http://ostaragodess.blogspot.co.uk/2017/01/the-aryans.html" target="_blank">THE ARYANS</a>'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">For more information about Richard Wagner</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">his life, loves, music, and his influence on German culture</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">(including sections on Ludwig II von Bayern and Adolf Hitler</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">see:</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://completerichardwagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> Zac</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> Sawyer 2017</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://completerichardwagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" target="_blank">RICHARD WAGNER</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">1936 </span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/1936-berlin-olympic-games.html" target="_blank">Olympic Games</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-nurnberg-reichsparteitag.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">1934</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-nurnberg-reichsparteitag.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Nürnberg</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-nurnberg-reichsparteitag.html" style="text-align: justify;" target="_blank">Reichsparteitag</a></span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-13308136219377893462015-08-23T12:24:00.001-07:002015-08-23T12:38:50.411-07:00die Lehre von der Regenerierung<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">>>die Lehre von der Regenerierung<<</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">FOREWORD</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The concept of regeneration arose initially from some of <a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/wagner-der-meister-von-bayreuth.html" target="_blank">Richard Wagner</a>'s writings on Art, Race, Philosophy and Religion.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0l6HuROJKaM/VdoNN3CZlsI/AAAAAAAAcNc/xFt8lW9my2o/s1600/Alexander%2BFrenz%252C%2BIllustration%2Bzu%2BChamberlains%2BRichard%2BWagner.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0l6HuROJKaM/VdoNN3CZlsI/AAAAAAAAcNc/xFt8lW9my2o/s320/Alexander%2BFrenz%252C%2BIllustration%2Bzu%2BChamberlains%2BRichard%2BWagner.png" width="320" /></a><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After the death of the master, many of his followers, especially in Bayreuth, took up this concept and developed it into a complex, yet coherent philosophy. Foremost among these followers of the doctrine of Regeneration was Wagner's widow, Cosima Wagner, and her daughter Eva, who was married to Houston Stewart Chamberlain.</span></div>
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<a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/cosima-wagner-lady-of-bayreuth.html" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HAEQBXhD1Bc/VdnYUJBecPI/AAAAAAAAcLU/QjRggol3HLM/s200/Cosima%2Bvon%2BBulow%2BWagner%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="133" /></a><span id="goog_271689153"></span><span id="goog_271689154"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/cosima-wagner-lady-of-bayreuth.html" target="_blank">Cosima Wagner</a> (von Bülow - born Francesca Gaetana Cosima Liszt; 24 December 1837 – 1 April 1930) was the daughter of the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt. She became the second wife of the German composer Richard Wagner, and with him founded the Bayreuth Festival as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognized Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly '<a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a>'.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1GoevYP4Qgk/VdnYofYSGUI/AAAAAAAAcLc/rtzTeyuTRK4/s1600/Houston%2BStewart%2BChamberlain%2B2%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1GoevYP4Qgk/VdnYofYSGUI/AAAAAAAAcLc/rtzTeyuTRK4/s200/Houston%2BStewart%2BChamberlain%2B2%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="140" /></a><span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Houston Stewart Chamberlain (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was an English-born German author of books on political philosophy, natural science and son-in-law of the German composer Richard Wagner. In December 1908, twenty-five years after Wagner's death, <a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/wagner-and-houston-stewart-chamberlain.html" target="_blank">Chamberlain</a> married Wagner's stepdaughter,<a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/wagner-and-houston-stewart-chamberlain.html" target="_blank"> Eva von Bülow</a>. Chamberlain's two-volume book, '<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/houston-stewart-chamberlain.html" target="_blank">Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts</a>' (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century), published in 1899, became one of the many references for the pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, and, later, of the völkisch philosophy of the Third Reich.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dP47Q4nbmX8/VdncPceNF2I/AAAAAAAAcLo/PTjRruJcuHE/s1600/Parsifal%2B-%2B1890%2B-%2BFidus%2B%2528Hugo%2BH%25C3%25B6ppener%2B-%2BEcology%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BOccult%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dP47Q4nbmX8/VdncPceNF2I/AAAAAAAAcLo/PTjRruJcuHE/s200/Parsifal%2B-%2B1890%2B-%2BFidus%2B%2528Hugo%2BH%25C3%25B6ppener%2B-%2BEcology%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BOccult%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The concept of Regeneration had a considerable impact on the social, cultural and political development of the German speaking world in the 19th and early 20th centuries. </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">While the <a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/wagner-der-meister-von-bayreuth.html" target="_blank">Wagnerian, </a></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://peterswagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/wagner-der-meister-von-bayreuth.html" target="_blank">Bayreuth</a> </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">form of Regeneration was very much for the<i> elite</i>, a slightly more accessible form of the basic philosophy filtered down through the various social classes. This form of Regeneration theory was generally known as Lebensreform ("life reform"). </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was a social (although not always an overtly political) movement in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Germany and Austria that propagated a 'back-to-nature' lifestyle, emphasizing among others health food/raw food/organic food, nudism, sexual liberation.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eDd4E5U4N-s/VdnrnrcR3oI/AAAAAAAAcM4/83-VTZeK7Hk/s1600/Siegfried%2BWagner%2B-%2BPerfect%2BWagnerite%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eDd4E5U4N-s/VdnrnrcR3oI/AAAAAAAAcM4/83-VTZeK7Hk/s200/Siegfried%2BWagner%2B-%2BPerfect%2BWagnerite%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="145" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This included an acceptance of homosexuality - (Siegfried Wagner, Wagner's only son was homosexual) - and lesbianism, alternative medicine, and religious reform, and at the same time often included abstention from drugs, and vaccines. Important Lebensreform proponents were Sebastian Kneipp, Louis Kuhne, Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach, Fidus (Hugo Höppener), Gusto Graeser, and Adolf Just. The Lebensreform movement in Germany originally was a diverse movement.</span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Xn43yuupB-0/VdnwA2IqCoI/AAAAAAAAcNM/yT1CVKUOsn4/s1600/Nude%2B-%2BNakt%2BKultur%2B-%2BJavelin%2BThrower%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Xn43yuupB-0/VdnwA2IqCoI/AAAAAAAAcNM/yT1CVKUOsn4/s200/Nude%2B-%2BNakt%2BKultur%2B-%2BJavelin%2BThrower%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="133" /></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There were hundreds of groups across Germany dedicated to some or all of the concepts associated with Lebensreform: ecology and organic farming, vegetarianism, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco - (all three important parts of the Wagnerian form of Regeneration theory), and naturalism (Nacktkultur). Dozens of magazines, books, and pamphlets were published on these topics. Other Lebensreform groups involved in völkisch Romanticism gradually became part of the ideology of the 1930s, known as 'blut und boden' - (blood and soil). As early as 1907, Richard Ungewitter published a pamphlet called 'Nacktkeit und Kultur' (Nudity and Culture) (which sold 100,000 copies), arguing that the practices he recommended would be "the means by which the German race would regenerate itself and ultimately prevail over its neighbors and the diabolical Jews, who were intent on injecting putrefying agents into the nation's blood and soil".</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/deutsch-sozialismus-german-socialism.html" target="_blank">Artamanen-Gesellschaft</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ptj9QwuTUE/VdnmlJeI1SI/AAAAAAAAcL4/z8Eu3J_70z0/s1600/Young%2BHimmler%2B-%2BSS%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5ptj9QwuTUE/VdnmlJeI1SI/AAAAAAAAcL4/z8Eu3J_70z0/s200/Young%2BHimmler%2B-%2BSS%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/heinrich-himmler-ahnenerbe.html" target="_blank">Heinrich Himmler</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Those promoting völkisch Lebensreform ideology eventually became popular among Third Reich officials and their supporters, including <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/heinrich-himmler-ahnenerbe.html" target="_blank">Heinrich Himmler</a> and Rudolph Höss, who belonged to the farming organization known as the 'Artaman League'.<br />The <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/deutsch-sozialismus-german-socialism.html" target="_blank">Artamanen-Gesellschaft</a> - <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/deutsch-sozialismus-german-socialism.html" target="_blank">Artaman League</a> - was a German agrarian and völkisch movement dedicated to a 'Blood and Soil' inspired ruralism. Active during the inter-war period, the League became closely linked to, and eventually absorbed by, the NSDAP (see below). The Artaman League had its roots in the overall Lebensreform movement in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Germany and Austria.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ow4ytLdrcfM/Vdnn-S-B4QI/AAAAAAAAcMU/ERcY-N50p28/s1600/Hitler%2527s%2BTable%2BTalk%2B-%2BLogo%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ow4ytLdrcfM/Vdnn-S-B4QI/AAAAAAAAcMU/ERcY-N50p28/s200/Hitler%2527s%2BTable%2BTalk%2B-%2BLogo%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/hitler-und-wagner-most-momentous-non.html" target="_blank">Adolf Hitler</a>'s admiration of Richard Wagner is well known, and although he is not recorded as making any direct references to Wagner's Regeneration writings it is difficult to imagine that he was not aware of them. Hitler, of course, always saw himself a primarily an artist, and considered art and classical culture to be essential elements for the creation of an ideal, regenerated state.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ucIPMu959Mg/VdnobeJeDdI/AAAAAAAAcMc/0gk469sa_HM/s1600/Wanderwogel%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BArt%2BDeco%2B-%2BElements%2Bof%2BDesign%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ucIPMu959Mg/VdnobeJeDdI/AAAAAAAAcMc/0gk469sa_HM/s320/Wanderwogel%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BArt%2BDeco%2B-%2BElements%2Bof%2BDesign%2B-%2BZac%2BSawyer%2B2014.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Wandervogel Jungen</td></tr>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Equally his abstaining from alcohol and tobacco, and his vegetarianism are indicative of Wagnarian Regeneration theory, as well as the ideals of the Lebensreform movement. Hitler, of course, like all those who were influential in the</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/copyright-peter-crawford-2013-copyright.html" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="186" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Yu85Cpz1WxM/VdnvKY3rBTI/AAAAAAAAcNA/UuSeDdo9BOY/s200/Stags%2BHead%2Band%2BSwastika%2B-%2BGreen%2BReich%2B-%2BEnviormentalism%2B-%2BDeutschland%2B-%2BOccult%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">völkisch movement, and the NSDAP, was a 'child of his time', and therefore it would have been surprising if he had escaped the all pervasive influence of Lebensreform, which affected so much of German and Austrian society in his youth. It is undoubtedly this pervasive influence, both of Lebensreform, and also Regeneration Theory proclaimed from the '</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">grüner Hügel', that now enables us to refer to the '</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">dritte Reich' as the '</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/copyright-peter-crawford-2013-copyright.html" target="_blank">grüne Reich</a>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These völkisch Lebensreform groups were espoused by German youth, and associated with such groups was the 'Wandervogel' movement, which was a precursor to the <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/hitlerjugdnd-hitler-youth.html" target="_blank">Hitlerjugend</a>.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/hitlerjugdnd-hitler-youth.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJIzY6EPiAQ/Vdnpm06RotI/AAAAAAAAcMo/NsJIskiPStU/s200/Hitler%2BYouth%2BEmblem%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2Bof%2BTomorrow-%2Bcopy.png" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/hitlerjugdnd-hitler-youth.html" target="_blank">Hitlerjugend</a></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">D</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">IE</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> LEHRE </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">VON DER</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"> REGENERIERUNG</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: large;">INTRODUCTION</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The current form of human society (the modern State and its religious organisations) is recognized as fruits of the decline.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And yet the knowledge obtained of the causes of this decadence lead to the notion of a possible regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is important to note the following: it is that this denial and negation is not metaphysical but empirical, and this affirmation is not primarily mystical, but positive and refers to a possible becoming.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Our decadence is due to material influences, and what is lacking for them are material remedies, or as well the prompt suppression of these harmful influences will be enough to open for us the paradise now lost and then rediscovered in a conscious way.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this practical doctrine of regeneration, philosophy and religion are so important that not to take them into consideration would risk a misrepresentation of the doctrine.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If, alongside the practical doctrine of regeneration, we bring other elements into our line of conduct, then we are in the presence of three doctrines, one practical, another philosophical, the third religious.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And each of these doctrines is dependent on the other two, and sometimes in contradiction with them, even it seems in their fundamental premises.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Take for example the philosophical doctrine of regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FaRQxBQ0RMw/VdnOIgqKsRI/AAAAAAAAcKU/SVdgOyPAJ0w/s1600/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FaRQxBQ0RMw/VdnOIgqKsRI/AAAAAAAAcKU/SVdgOyPAJ0w/s200/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Alongside the simple practical doctrine of a regeneration of mankind, we must consider the philosophy of <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/arthur-schopenhauer-philosophy-of-will.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a>, who, in a sense, should serve as the foundation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We know in this philosophy the metaphysical 'new birth' is presented as the 'complete knowledge', the penetration, we might say, of individuality, and as the reversion of the will which is the consequence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Must we devote ourselves to the fulfillment of a regeneration that nowhere, at no time, will ever be known to reach any valid result ?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Can we hope to establish the hope of a history, yet to come on an equally historic past, if any real appearance of the world is just illusion and lies ?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Such indecisions would only have value from the standpoint of a contradiction of pure logic. They have no value for knowledge that nature teaches us.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We have already found this same phenomenon expressly stated concerning politics: the coexistence of apparently contradictory terms that actually complement one another. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These are necessary constituent elements of an intelligence sincere even against itself, an intelligence formed organically and in which systematic lies would have no place.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Then comes a third element: religion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If practical regeneration is represented as possible, then it succeeds only if we are 'brave and believing'."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Only on the firm foundation of 'true religion' can the necessary strength develop to reach the aspiration for regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is precisely in their relationship that we reconcile these contradictions of the joy of life and relentless painful knowledge, of optimism and pessimism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But a new difficulty arises; that our religion, as it is now, has also not escaped the universal decadence, so we can not admit its immediate application to regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">At the end of this work we return to this point, intending to clarify the meaning of this apparent contradiction.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The exposition of the doctrine of regeneration falls into two parts: negation or denial and affirmation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The element of negation is the awareness of decline and this consciousness, once acquired, serves as a basis for faith in a possible regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Art is, alongside religion, a most potent factor of regeneration, Art cannot reach full bloom in our society, but only in a regenerated society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">On the other hand, what is absolutely essential for this regeneration is the cooperation of the arts.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Those who are nourished by the belief that humanity is on the path of indefinite progress, of which we can discern no end, and it is in this that most do place their faith, will not know how to nor be able to admit the need nor the possibility of a regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Indeed, this notion of regeneration carries with it the admission of two postulates: the 'original goodness', at least relative, of man in so far as his life and development are in harmony with the laws of both surrounding nature and his own nature, and also the conviction that humanity has historically been wrong and departed ever more from the ways of sound development in accordance with nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That which is for some 'progress' is for others nothing more than 'decadence'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One could represent decadence as the work of a fatal power, against which all resistance would be futile, as an inevitable decline, similar to the effects of age on individuals.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But it can also be seen as the result of a true deviation, and then one must take a first step, and not the least important one, to regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Undoubtedly if we scrutinize and uncover its causes, then regeneration will not only appear desirable to us, but possible as well.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The admission of a deviation of mankind, as opposed as it appears to the idea of progress, could well be the only basis on which to secure and found our hope.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For if we can verify this affirmation is due to too powerful external influences, against which prehistoric man, devoid of experience, could not defend himself, then the history of humankind, within the limits accessible to us, appears as the sorrowful period of elaborating his full awareness which will show him the way by which he will be able to use the knowledge thus acquired to protect himself from those evil influences.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Wherever we look in the civilized world we always find a deviation in men and the astonishing moral deformation of our actual social condition.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We shall not recapture faith and courage until we listen to murmurings of history, this eternal source of life, hidden in the rubble of historical civilization, that continues flowing in its original freshness.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is, however, essential to deeply despise this world, where hypocrisy simulates concern for art and culture, while in its veins not a single drop of artistic blood will be found, and it knows not how to produce a single atom of quality, or of truly human beauty.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As it is now, our civilization is wicked and heartless, and not led by anything more than the enhancement of the correct value of calculations of its egotism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is a society that is profoundly immoral, a world of organized crime and looting certified by falsehood, lies and hypocrisy, that "transforms men into monsters.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And the modern State lives only on the vices of society.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In addition, ecclesiastical religion has become impotent and is devoid of the true God.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We must, however, look well ahead into the question of knowing where is the true cause of all the misery of our current social condition, and one of the main causes is money.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Money – gold, - the pallid metal to which we are enslaved by a shameful servitude, but behind this product the most rigid and least able to have life in all of nature, there is the very beginning of property.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Property, which has become hereditary, is the principle cause of the decadence of humanity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the historical organization of the feudal system, in so far as it remained in its primitive purity, we find this principle, at once human and heroic, expressed: the concession of an enjoyment was only given to those who, for some service, could personally claim it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">From the moment the fief became hereditary, the man, his individual activity, his personal merits, lost their value, which were converted into a possession, and had become hereditary.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was that, and not personal virtue, that created the social importance of inheritance, and thus the gradual and growing depreciation of men, as the value of possessions climbed steadily, and came to incorporate themselves into the most inhuman institutions. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This made property legitimize the man rather than, as before then, the man being he who legitimized property.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In addition, it has become the primordial concern of the modern State to forever fix property, which thereby stops the vivifying fertility of the future.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">From possession converted into property, on which alone one wants to make all order rest, have come all the crimes of myth and history, and it seems certain that from this notion of ownership, that seemed so simple in itself, and with its political sanction, there has entered into the body of mankind such a cruel spear that it makes mankind suffer a painful agony forever.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">However, institutions such as money and the hereditary inheritance of property should, at most, be considered as causes of a secondary order, perhaps as symptoms more than as effective factors of decadence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RACE</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For the primary cause we should consider a physical cause for this decadence and decline, and found it in the <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">corruption of the blood</a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He was possible that the peoples of Europe were not only victims of a growing deviation, but that they seemed to move farther and farther from their own image, to the point that the various branches of the <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/aryanism-and-third-reich.html" target="_blank">Aryan</a> and Germanic races became increasingly foreign with respect to one another.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And the explanation is to be found in the moral influence of Judaism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Therefore the main causes for our decadence were a corruption of blood, and the demoralizing influence of Judaism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The influence of Judaism accelerates and favors the progress of degeneration, pushing modern man into a wild storm that does not leave him time to recognize or raise awareness of this unfortunate decline, nor of the loss of his own identity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The corruption of blood comes above all from abnormal nutrition, but also from the mixture of more noble races (<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/aryanism-and-third-reich.html" target="_blank">Aryan</a>) with those that are less so.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The issues of nutrition is significant, for on one side there is lack of nutrition, and on the other excess of sensual enjoyments above any limit, and a way of life absolutely contrary to nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is here we have what has led us to a state of degeneration that can be stopped only by a complete renewal of our deformed organism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Superfluity and deprivation, here are the two mortal enemies of our present humanity. In truth, all our politics, our diplomacy, our thirst for the future, our science and, unfortunately, all our modern art - indeed, all this parasitic vegetation of our present life is undoubtedly greatly influenced by poor nutrition.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The inequality of human races is a second cause of decadence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the noble race can quite dominate the inferior race, it can not, by means of mixture, elevate the latter, since all it will achieve is the lowering of its own blood to the level of the inferior.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is more than obvious we would not have human history without the movements, successes and creations of the white race, and we can find, without a doubt, that universal history is the history of the mixing of this race with the yellow and black, in the sense that these last, less noble, enter into history only to the extent that by mixing they are more or less assimilated to the white race.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The deterioration of these, moreover comes, obviously, from their being infinitely less numerous than the representatives of the inferior races, and seeing themselves obligated to mix with them, by which the white race loses much more in purity than the others could have gained by ennobling their blood to some extent.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Despite its vital importance, however, it has only a secondary importance in the doctrine of regeneration, since it does not clarify the future, but rather the past, and can only be projected into the future in the form of a powerful cataclysm.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">With regard to the racial question, however, ther is also the demoralizing influence of one of those white races over the others, - of the Jewish element over the non-Jewish Aryan peoples.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mgxWYVVXEg8/VdnQ4n7PUiI/AAAAAAAAcKo/9PK2WqmeYTA/s1600/Orthodox%2BJews%2B-%2BVienna%2B1900s%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mgxWYVVXEg8/VdnQ4n7PUiI/AAAAAAAAcKo/9PK2WqmeYTA/s320/Orthodox%2BJews%2B-%2BVienna%2B1900s%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here one must consider the irremediable disadvantage in which one finds the German race when faced with the Jew, for the principle of the Jewish religion is egotism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">Jew</a> is indifferent to everything that does not bring him a personal benefit.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hebraic egotism is a deep and unfathomable violence. One thing was clear, Jewish influence over European intellectual life has made itself felt strongly in the sense it distorts and alters our most sublime art and culture that is proper to us.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this it is obvious that the Jews live off the exploitation of the universal decay. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">However, knowledge of the true cause of our decline leads, with equal force, to believe in the possibility of a radical regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For example, if meat-eating if the major cause of human decay, the remedy will be, evidently, a strictly vegetarian diet; if miscegenation tends to corrupt the blood, take steps to prevent it at all costs immediately.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Vegetarianism is important, but we must also maintain a strict solidarity that exists between man and nature and, therefore, recognize the all-powerful force of natural necessity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But also the emotional life, the best of the soul, should be directed to that Art, which is conceived as absolutely one with true religion, for material or metaphysical remedies were not enough to reach, by themselves, regeneration, which will never arise other than from the deep core of a true religion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It seems there are therefore three juxtaposed worlds: one material and empirical, another transcendental and metaphysical, and a third mystical and religious; Art is the element that collects and unites them, since its form is material, its content transcendental and its meaning mystical.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">From the material, empirical point of view the main consideration is food. We must abstain from eating meat and drinking alcohol.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">An exclusively vegetarian diet is the central point of the question of regeneration. In the philosophical field nature, and nature alone, can unravel the tangled skein of human destiny, as the civilization based on Christian faith and on the condemnation of human nature, thus denying mankind, has gained an enemy who must soon destroy it, in the sense that man does not find his place, so that this enemy is precisely eternal living nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">What is "purely human," what surges from "eternal nature," are not perhaps pure abstractions, but it at least corresponds that these notions are not taken from observation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nature, and in particular "the true nature of man" is good, and our world is "the desert of a degenerate paradise."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Equally, there is the importance of "the fatal necessity" - which reminds us of the "Will" as found in the works of <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nature engenders and forms by necessity, and in man as well it is the unique pressure of necessity that determines us to create some acts and gestures worthy of being created.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And the logical consequence is clear: life is what is immediate, what determines itself. Regeneration does not find its place in a fatalist conception of nature, however.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This has formed all that it is by necessity, and wisdom consists in wanting the necessary. In Schopenhauer there is no regeneration, since the word "decadence" has no meaning in his system, and he has never pronounced it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To try to prove progress is, doubtless according to him, to entrust oneself to "an artificial and imaginary construction," but he does not admit the idea of decadence; for him the final residue of history is in the presence of a "being always the same, always equal to itself, immutable, that today does what was done yesterday and forever."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a>, indeed, affirms the doctrine of the fall, but specifically by way of myth, as existence is sinful in itself.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PXi-92fpkjg/VdnLNu2LpNI/AAAAAAAAcKA/LM7YL3GU2rQ/s1600/Wotan%2B-%2BDoctrine%2Bof%2BRegeneration%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PXi-92fpkjg/VdnLNu2LpNI/AAAAAAAAcKA/LM7YL3GU2rQ/s200/Wotan%2B-%2BDoctrine%2Bof%2BRegeneration%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Wotan</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rPGZShYcWxU/VdnKColB-pI/AAAAAAAAcJ0/Gh6-9_bGxfA/s1600/Richard%2BWagner%2B-%2BMusic%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rPGZShYcWxU/VdnKColB-pI/AAAAAAAAcJ0/Gh6-9_bGxfA/s200/Richard%2BWagner%2B-%2BMusic%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Richard Wagner</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to his philosophy the sage, like the Wotan of Wagner, can not "want more than one thing".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is, however, not Schopenhauer's fault if the quite exact representation of the world he found before him occupied him so much that he was forced to leave to us the charge of exploring those roads .</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The philosophy of <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a>, though, must be seen as the only that can be recommended to take us to the paths of true hope.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And so the certainty of the victory of the will results from the awareness of decadence.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">RELIGION and SPIRITUALITY</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The recognition of the moral significance of the world is the coronation of all knowledge. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This knowledge is also the basis of hope and, thereby, the origin of faith in regeneration. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The only aspiration and strength that enables the fulfillment of the great regeneration must have its origin in the deep core and basis of a religion, for without religion we can not acquire the force necessary for regeneration, nor even feel ourselves transported to her.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Religion is then, as we see, the condition sine qua non on which rests the entire doctrine of regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There is a destiny for mankind set beyond space and time in a moral significance of the world – and the whole doctrine of regeneration is rooted in this faith.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It gains nothing from material progress.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To the idea of progress this doctrine opposes harmony with nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Neither the development of machines nor the infinite accumulation of scientific knowledge reduce in any way the ocean of human misery.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Also the meaning of these things is only fleeting and relative, not eternal or absolute.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The thought of regeneration has nothing more in mind than man as a moral being.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">At bottom it cares little about reaching a temporal goal.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The doctrine of regeneration, starting from three different points of view, one empiric and historic, another abstract and philosophical, and the third religious, is shown to us under three corresponding forms.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It now remains to consider the element in which the three worlds become conscious of their unity and which plays such a preponderant role in this general vision of things: Art. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">REGENERATION and ART</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The action of Art in each of these three domains is decisive. It is, to a great extent, by the action of art that we shall develop human society in a beautiful and noble human sense.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mNQY1L1OhDw/VdnSNLtTU2I/AAAAAAAAcK8/lHFRosRzvk8/s1600/Apollon_opera_Garnier_n3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mNQY1L1OhDw/VdnSNLtTU2I/AAAAAAAAcK8/lHFRosRzvk8/s200/Apollon_opera_Garnier_n3.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">The God Apollo</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5zqiuiUMZl4/VdnRMjqjwNI/AAAAAAAAcKw/Htdcet58XvM/s1600/Bayreuth%2B-%2BFestspielhaus%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BParsifal%2B-%2BHoly%2BGrail%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="243" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5zqiuiUMZl4/VdnRMjqjwNI/AAAAAAAAcKw/Htdcet58XvM/s320/Bayreuth%2B-%2BFestspielhaus%2B-%2BWagner%2B-%2BParsifal%2B-%2BHoly%2BGrail%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://wagner%20-%20der%20meister%20von%20bayreuth/" target="_blank">A Temple to the God of Art</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The future must raise a temple to Apollo, the God of Art. Art, in the regeneration of human society, will play an indispensable role.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It must reveal to men the significance of this pressing unconscious need, and the right way to those who have gone astray.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Art does not exercise an immediate action, but has the magic power to make man known to himself, and to chart the path that will lead to regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The relationship between art and metaphysics is clearly defined.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Art can never claim to express a metaphysical abstraction, but there is a superior art that distinguishes itself from ordinary artistic production in that the development of its activity is intrinsic, involuntary, and what it comes to represent are the manifestations of this primary transcendental essence of the world: necessity, will or whatever other names we wish to give it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Art frees the intangible thought of sensation, and that is why <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2014/07/die-welt-als-wille-und-vorstellung.html" target="_blank">Schopenhauer</a> held it in such high esteem and saw, from his exclusively philosophical point of view, "the true goal of Art which opens a path to cosmic ideas."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here again, Art plays, a key role as intermediary; it is an intermediary in a way that leads to deeper insight into the essence of the world, the way it is, in itself, an indispensable element of the thought of regeneration.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The work of art is the religion that has come to be sensible in a living form.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">So, here again, art is the intermediary, the exponent, we could say, in religious matters.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The main purpose of Art, therefore, is to highlight the most sublime meaning, and show the true direction to follow.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Art will then introduce us to the true ideal and the symbol of everything that endures, while the pseudo-reality of history sleeps, buried beneath the yellowing papers of a corrupt civilization.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is also the relationship of Art with religion that is by far the most important, because if Art can raise itself from its lesser role of recreation, of innocent distraction, to the height of a sanctifying and purifying deed, then one understands the significance that Art could have, purifying from the immoral demands that today denature her, in the terrain of a new moral order of things.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One could say that where religion becomes artificial, it is reserved for Art to save the substantial nucleus, penetrating the mythic symbols, that religion claims are believed as true in the literal sense of the term, according to their symbolic values, in which are recognized, through their ideal representation, the ideal truth that is hidden therein. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Thus, one role of Art is to save the substance of religion, as expressing what is inexpressible to religious philosophy, as in the decay of dogma, true idealistic art intervenes as liberator, as she conserves religious thought in her transformative regenerative purity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The religion which is referred to here is dreamed rather than revealed writings. It can, however, be revealed in artworks.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the co-operation of Art is indispensable for the restoration of a true religion, then true Art, for her part, must be defined as the emancipation of this religion.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A true art can only grow and prosper on the basis of a true morality.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The highest Art could not find the energy necessary for similar revelations if it lacked the foundation of religious symbols and perfect morality, for only thus can such Art be truly understood.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We see, therefore, in what sense, all truly high Art, can rightly be considered religious. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The relationship between <a href="http://music%20in%20the%20third%20reich/" target="_blank">Art and religion</a> is a relation of reciprocity, which conditions both.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">True art can not be born without religion, as this latter can not be revealed without the help of Art.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this sense Art and religion are not more than a single organism, and it is only in this live form that a profoundly religious Art, revelation of a true religion, can draw out the necessary virtue and force for the fulfillment of regeneration.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">adapted from</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">'The Political Ideology of Richard Wagner'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">by</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-31480986580105844162015-05-05T02:55:00.001-07:002015-05-05T08:19:17.235-07:00Die Grüne Reich - The Green Reich<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>“We recognize that separating humanity from nature, from the whole of life, leads to humankind’s own destruction and to the death of nations. Only through a re-integration of humanity into the whole of nature can our people be made stronger. That is the fundamental point of the biological tasks of our age. Humankind alone is no longer the focus of thought, but rather life as a whole.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>This striving toward connectedness with the totality of life, with nature itself, a nature into which we are born, this is the deepest meaning and the true essence of National Socialist thought.”</i></span></div>
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Professor Ernst Lehmann</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Germany is not only the birthplace of the science of ecology and the place where ecological politics’ rose to prominence; it has also been home to a peculiar synthesis of naturalism and nationalism forged under the influence of the modernist tradition’s anti-Enlightenment philosophy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two nineteenth century figures exemplify this conjunction: Ernst Moritz Arndt and Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Ernst Moritz Arndt </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ernst Moritz Arndt (26 December 1769 – 29 January 1860) was a German patriotic author and poet. Early in his life, he fought for the abolition of serfdom, later against Napoleonic dominance over Germany, and had to flee to Sweden for some time due to his anti-French positions. He is one of the main founders of German nationalism and the movement for German unification. After the Carlsbad Decrees, the forces of the restoration counted him as a demagogue and he was only rehabilitated in 1840.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Arndt played an important role for the early national and liberal Burschenschaft movement and for the unification movement, and his song "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?" acted as an unofficial German national anthem.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl (6 May 1823 – 16 November 1897) was a German journalist, novelist and folklorist.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Riehl was born in Biebrich in the Duchy of Nassau and died in Munich.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Riehl's writings became normative for a large body of Volkish thought. He constructed a more completely integrated Volkish view of man and society as they related to nature, history, and landscape. He was the writer of the famous 'Land und Leute' (Places and People), written in 1857-63, which discussed the organic nature of a Volk which he claimed could only be attained if it fused with the native landscape.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">He rejected all artificiality and defined modernity as a nature contrived by man and thus devoid of that genuineness to which living nature alone gives meaning. Riehl pointed to the newly developing urban centres as the cause of social unrest. For many Volkish thinkers, only nature was genuine. He desired a hierarchical society that patterned after the medieval estates. In 'Die bürgerliche Gesellschaft' (Bourgeois Society) he accused those of Capitalist interest of disturbing ancient customs and thus destroying the historicity of the Volk. Animosity towards the city was an integral part of the rise of Volkish thought. At times it was expressed in the slogan "Berlin is the domain of the Jews" or in the remark by another writer that "cities are the tombs of Germanism" Such ideas secured a place for Riehl in the history of Volkish thought. </span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Riehl, born into a settled middle-class background, was a professor at the University of Munich.</span><br />
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Wilhelm Diefenbach<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riehl's 1853 essay 'Feld und Wald' (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Field and Forest) ended with a call to fight for “</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the rights of wilderness</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But even here nationalist pathos set the tone: “<i>We must save the forest, not only so that our ovens do not become cold in winter, but also so that the pulse of life of the people continues to beat warm and joyfully, so that Germany remains German</i>.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riehl was an implacable opponent of the rise of industrialism and urbanization; his overtly anti-semitic glorification of rural peasant values, and undifferentiated condemnation of capitalism established him as the “<i>founder of agrarian anti-urbanism.</i>”</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">'Nature Mysticism'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These latter two fixations matured in the second half of the nineteenth century in the context of the völkisch movement, a powerful cultural disposition and social tendency which united ethnocentric populism with <i>'nature mysticism</i>'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At the heart of the völkisch weltanschauung was a negative response to capiitalism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the face of the very real dislocations brought on by the triumph of industrial capitalism and national unification, völkisch thinkers preached a <i>return to the land,</i> to the simplicity and wholeness of a life attuned to nature’s purity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The movement aspired to reconstruct the society that was sanctioned by history, rooted in nature, and in communion with the <i>cosmic life spirit.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The emergence of modernist ecology forged the final link in the chain which bound together nationalism, mystically charged racism, and environmentalist predilections.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Ernst Haeckel </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1867 the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel coined the term ‘<i>ecology</i>’, and began to establish it as a scientific discipline dedicated to studying the interactions between organism and environment.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 – August 9, 1919), was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("<i>ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny</i>") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures (Kunstformen der Natur, "Art Forms of Nature"). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote 'Die Welträtsel' (1895–1899, in English, The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and 'Freedom in Science and Teaching' to support teaching evolution.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Haeckel developed a philosophy he called ‘<i>monism</i>.’</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The 'German Monist League' he founded combined scientifically based ecological <i>holism </i>with völkisch social views.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Haeckel believed in <i>nordic racial superiority</i>, strenuously opposed race mixing and enthusiastically supported <i>racial eugenics</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His nationalism became more fervent </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">with the onset of World War I, and he fulminated in anti-semitic tones against the post-war Jewish/Soviet Republic in Bavaria.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this way Haeckel contributed to that special variety of German thought which served as the seed bed for National Socialism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The pioneer of scientific ecology, along with his disciples Willibald Hentschel, Wilhelm Bölsche and Bruno Wille, profoundly shaped the thinking of subsequent generations of environmentalists by embedding concern for the natural world in a tightly woven web of Völkisch</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> social themes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, for the Monists, perhaps the most pernicious feature of European bourgeois civilization was the inflated importance which it attached to the idea of man in general, to his existence and to his talents.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The biologist Raoul Francé, founding member of the 'Monist League', elaborated so-called 'Lebensgesetze', ‘laws of life’ through which the natural order determines the social order.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He opposed racial mixing, for example, as “<i>unnatural</i>.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The chief vehicle for carrying this ideological constellation to prominence was the German youth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The world’s first self-conscious “youth” movement sprang up in response to, and as a rejection of, urban life and the cold, impersonal mechanics of modernity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s members wanted to reunite themselves with nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They went vegetarian, sometimes favoured nudism, hiked and even camped out in the wilderness, creating alternative societies to the mainstream.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was a modern, spiritual movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many saw themselves as pagans, worshipping the sun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The young men sang songs and played guitars around campfires in a movement that was closely involved with Lebensreform ("life reform").</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lebensreform ("life reform") was a social movement in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Germany, Austria and Switzerland that propagated a back-to-nature lifestyle, emphasizing among others health food/raw food/organic food, nudism, sexual liberation, alternative medicine, and religious reform and at the same time abstention from alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and vaccines.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">'Gebet zum Licht'<br />
Fidus (Hugo Höppener)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fidus (Hugo Höppener)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Important Lebensreform proponents were Sebastian Kneipp, Louis Kuhne, Rudolf Steiner, Karl Wilhelm </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diefenbach, Fidus (Hugo Höppener), Gusto Graeser, and Adolf Just.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hugo Höppener (1868-1948), who used the pseudonym Fidus was one of the most significant artists of the movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Depicting nude figures among the natural landscape, not sexualized, but in harmony with nature, and working in cooperation with each other, Fidus gained wide recognition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several of his works show a male-female couple embracing, not out of lust, but in a kind of Tantric reaching for Deity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His most famous work (of which he made several versions), '<i>Gebet zum Licht</i>' (Prayer to the Light), shows a man standing on a rock mound, with his arms outstretched to the sky.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1932, Fidus joined the NSDAP.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fidus was probably impressed by the National Socialist’s environmentalism and its portrayals of the German volk.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Ideology in Germany</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Lebensreform movement in Germany originally was a politically diverse movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There were hundreds of groups across Germany dedicated to some of all of the concepts associated with Lebensreform: ecology and organic farming, vegetarianism, naturalism (Nacktkultur), and abstinence from alcohol and tobacco.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dozens of magazines, books, and pamphlets were published on these topics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some groups were made of socialists, some were apolitical, but most were right-wing and nationalist in outlook.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One outstanding prophet of 'Lebensreform' was the painter Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (1861-1913), who founded the community Himmelhof near Vienna.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"> Geige spielender Knabe<br />
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rmzZ9zzq_HI/Uj4ba6DgK-I/AAAAAAAAVqg/gNPEYsX-xKg/s1600/Karl+Wilhelm+Diefenbach+-++Evolution+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rmzZ9zzq_HI/Uj4ba6DgK-I/AAAAAAAAVqg/gNPEYsX-xKg/s200/Karl+Wilhelm+Diefenbach+-++Evolution+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="128" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach (February 21, 1851, Hadamar, Duchy of Nassau – December 15, 1913, Capri) was a German painter and social reformer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">Diefenbach was a pioneer of nudism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">His country commune in Vienna (1897–1899) was one of the models for the reform settlement Monte Verità in Ascona.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">His ideas included life in harmony with nature and rejection of monogamy, turning away from any religion (although he was a follower of theosophy, and a vegetarian diet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">One of his students was the artist Konstantinos Parthenis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As a painter he was an independent representative of Art Nouveau and Symbolism.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RB4cvbhK8nw/Uj4oG09ESpI/AAAAAAAAVrw/KWAOR1PytAs/s1600/Hermann-Hesse+-+1899+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RB4cvbhK8nw/Uj4oG09ESpI/AAAAAAAAVrw/KWAOR1PytAs/s200/Hermann-Hesse+-+1899+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Hermann Hesse</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Among his disciples were three painters: Fidus, Frantischek Kupka and Gusto Graeser</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1900 Graeser became the co-founder and inspiring pioneer of the community Monte Verità near Ascona, Switzerland.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Monte Verità attracted lots of artists from all over Europe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gusto Graeser, thinker and poet, greatly influenced the German Youth Movement, and such writers as Hermann Hesse and Gerhart Hauptmann.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was the model for the master figures in the books of Hermann Hesse.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LMVsPy97DSs/UuwXCSCivzI/AAAAAAAALRA/sjOovcRIN3Y/s1600/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+Logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LMVsPy97DSs/UuwXCSCivzI/AAAAAAAALRA/sjOovcRIN3Y/s200/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+Logo.png" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An important influence on Völkisch ideology was </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</a> (20 October 1867 – 27 October 1952) who was a German writer, playwright and artist.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was born in Rendsburg, Prussia, in 1867.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He started his career as an artist in his youth, and attended the Berlin Royal Art Academy before being appointed a professor in 1913.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He taught at the School of Arts and Crafts in Bremen from 1898 to 1931.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was also involved in the founding of a series of Völkisch groups in the early 20th century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first group started by Fahrenkrog was the '<a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Deutscher Bund für Persönlichkeitskultur'</a> (German League for the Culture of the Personality), which also supported a publication called 'Mehr Licht !' ("More Light !", the famous last words of Goethe).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-McCRkwcL2Xk/Uj4rHcy5J0I/AAAAAAAAVsU/JURKtHIdr-8/s1600/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+-+1952)+-+Self+Portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-McCRkwcL2Xk/Uj4rHcy5J0I/AAAAAAAAVsU/JURKtHIdr-8/s200/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+-+1952)+-+Self+Portrait.jpg" width="144" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LjLo56pHKi4/Uj4rYhg7KjI/AAAAAAAAVsc/G5FMr1VAZKQ/s1600/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+-+The+Holy+Hour+(Die+heilige+Stunde),+1918+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="116" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LjLo56pHKi4/Uj4rYhg7KjI/AAAAAAAAVsc/G5FMr1VAZKQ/s200/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+-+The+Holy+Hour+(Die+heilige+Stunde),+1918+.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">'<a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">The Holy Hour</a>'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">(Die heilige Stunde) - 1918</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">He was also involved with the '<a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Deutsche </a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Religionsgemeinschaft</a>' (German Religious Community [DRG]), which would later change its name several times, first in 1912 to Germanische-Deutsche Religionsgemeinschaft (Germanic-German Religious Community [GDRG]), then in 1915, following a split in the membership, to the Deutschgläubige Gemeinschaft (Association of the German Faithful [DGG]).</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rSRJA9NUOSk/Uj4r5Zs0EeI/AAAAAAAAVsk/_z_gLuqClWA/s1600/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+-+Earth+and+the+Sun+Heaven+and+Earth,+Baldur+and+Gerda+(Erde+und+Sonne,+Himmel+und+Erde,+Baldur+und+Gerda),+1921.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rSRJA9NUOSk/Uj4r5Zs0EeI/AAAAAAAAVsk/_z_gLuqClWA/s200/Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+(1867+%E2%80%93+1952)+-+Earth+and+the+Sun+Heaven+and+Earth,+Baldur+and+Gerda+(Erde+und+Sonne,+Himmel+und+Erde,+Baldur+und+Gerda),+1921.jpg" width="122" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Earth and the Sun Heaven and Earth,<br />
Baldur and Gerda<br />
(Erde und Sonne, Himmel und Erde,<br />
Baldur und Gerda), 1921<br />
Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other groups which emerged from such völkisch movements gradually became part of National Socialist ideology by the 1930s, known as 'Blut und Boden' (blood and soil).</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vNQNwv-_ro0/UkLG7-BEd6I/AAAAAAAAV7E/nvqygaGEoxE/s1600/Nackt+Hitlerjugend+-+Germany+-+1930+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+DIE+OKKULTE+REICH+UND+RASSE+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vNQNwv-_ro0/UkLG7-BEd6I/AAAAAAAAV7E/nvqygaGEoxE/s200/Nackt+Hitlerjugend+-+Germany+-+1930+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+DIE+OKKULTE+REICH+UND+RASSE+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="124" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Nacktheit und Kultur</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As early as 1907, Richard Ungewitter published a pamphlet called 'Nacktheit und Kultur</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">' (Nudity and Culture) (which sold 100,000 copies), arguing that the practices he recommended would be:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i>the means by which the German race would regenerate itself and ultimately prevail over its neighbors and the diabolical Jews, who were intent on injecting putrefying agents into the nation's blood and soil</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most significant of these Lebensreform movements was the 'Wandervogel'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Wandervogel</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AnCQ42yZgk0/UjzxdwaY4FI/AAAAAAAAVoU/p06CIR4-RvQ/s1600/wandervoegel+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="153" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AnCQ42yZgk0/UjzxdwaY4FI/AAAAAAAAVoU/p06CIR4-RvQ/s320/wandervoegel+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Wandervogel</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wandervogel is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 onward.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The name can be translated as rambling, hiking, or wandering bird (differing in meaning from "Zugvogel" or migratory bird), and the ethos is to shake off the restrictions of society and get back to nature and freedom.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Soon the groups split and there originated ever more organisations, which still all called themselves Wandervogel, but were organizationally independent, nonetheless the feeling was still of being a common movement, but split into several branches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Wandervogel movement was officially established on 4 November 1901 by Herman Hoffmann Fölkersamb, who in 1895 had formed a study circle at the boys' Berlin-Steglitz grammar school where he was teaching.</span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CvUIVxu0r68/UjzxvloSEUI/AAAAAAAAVoc/iSVP1rh9Ky0/s1600/Wandervogel+Camp+-+Edel+Wolf+-+Herr+Wolf+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CvUIVxu0r68/UjzxvloSEUI/AAAAAAAAVoc/iSVP1rh9Ky0/s200/Wandervogel+Camp+-+Edel+Wolf+-+Herr+Wolf+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Wandervogel soon became the pre-eminent German youth movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was a back-to-nature youth organization emphasizing freedom, self-responsibility, and the spirit of adventure, and took a Völkish approach, stressing Germany's mystical Teutonic roots.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After World War I, many of the leaders returned disillusioned from the war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The same was true for leaders of German Scouting, so both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i8bp8N0ZHqs/Uj4oYs7ThBI/AAAAAAAAVr4/WE2rW2bl9ec/s1600/Nackt+Hitlerjugend+-+Germany+-+1930+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich++-+Deutschla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i8bp8N0ZHqs/Uj4oYs7ThBI/AAAAAAAAVr4/WE2rW2bl9ec/s200/Nackt+Hitlerjugend+-+Germany+-+1930+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich++-+Deutschla.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Nacktkultur</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, nacktkultur, (see below) - German naturism was part of the Lebensreform movement and the Wandervogel youth movement, which promoted ideas of fitness and vigor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At the same time doctors of the Natural Healing Movement were using heliotherapy (from Heliios - the Greek god of he sun) to treat diseases such as TB, rheumatism and scrofula with exposure to sunlight</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During the National Socialist Gleichschaltung period, after Adolf Hitler came to power, nudism benefited from official recognition and sponsorship for its health benefits.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nevertheless, all naturism clubs had to register with 'Kraft durch Freude' (Strength Through Joy).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Wandervogel movement also encouraged adventure, Völkish mysticism, and a younger leadership structure.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organization, more camps and a clearer ideology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There was also an educationalist influence from Gustav Wyneken.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Together this led to the emergence of the 'Bündische Jugend' (Youth Federation).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Wandervogel, German Scouting and the Bündische Jugend together are referred to as the German Youth Movement.</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4L6U-3jiGxs/Ujzx-D54J5I/AAAAAAAAVok/8MgwsQsKokk/s1600/Drums+and+Trumpets+-+Hitler-Jugend+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4L6U-3jiGxs/Ujzx-D54J5I/AAAAAAAAVok/8MgwsQsKokk/s200/Drums+and+Trumpets+-+Hitler-Jugend+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They had been around for more than a quarter of a century before National Socialists began to see an opportunity to adopt some methods and symbols of the German Youth Movement to use it in the Hitler-Jugend - (Hitler Youth).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This movement was very influential at that time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Its members were iidealistic, and prepared to sacrifice a lot for their ideals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The philosopher Ludwig Klages profoundly influenced the youth movement, and particularly shaped their <i>ecological </i>consciousness.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He authored a tremendously important essay titled 'Mensch und die Erde' (</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Man and Earth)</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> for the legendary Meissner gathering of the Wandervögel in 1913.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An extraordinarily poignant text and the best known of all Klages’ work, it is one of the very greatest manifestos of the radical ecology movement in Germany.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">'Mensch und die Erde' anticipated just about all of the themes of the contemporary, modern ecology movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It decried the accelerating extinction of species, disturbance of global ecosystemic balance, deforestation, destruction of wild habitats, urban sprawl, and the increasing alienation of people from nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In emphatic terms it disparaged Christianity, capitalism, economic utilitarianism, hyper-consumption and the ideology of ‘<i>progress</i>.’</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Martin Heidegger.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another philosopher and stern critic of the 'Enlightenment', who helped bridge Völkisch ideology </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and environmentalism was Martin Heidegger.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A much more renowned thinker than Klages, Heidegger preached “<i>authentic Being</i>”, and harshly criticized modern technology, and is therefore often celebrated as a precursor of ecological thinking.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heidegger’s critique of anthropocentric humanism, his call for humanity to learn to “<i>let things be,</i>” his notion that humanity is involved in a “<i>play</i>” or “<i>dance</i>” with earth, sky, and gods, his meditation on the possibility of an authentic mode of “<i>dwelling</i>” on the earth, his complaint that industrial technology is laying waste to the earth, his emphasis on the importance of local place and Heimat (</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">homeland)</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> his claim that humanity should guard and preserve things, instead of dominating them - all these aspects of Heidegger’s thought help to support the claim that he was a major ecological theorist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heidegger was an active member of the NSDAP party, and enthusiastically supported the Führer.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His mystical panegyrics to Heimat (homeland) were complemented by a deep anti-semitism, and his metaphysically phrased broadsides against technology and capiitalism converged neatly with populist thought.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although he lived and taught for thirty years after the fall of the Third Reich, Heidegger never once publicly regretted, much less renounced, his involvement with National Socialism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">click below for more information about the life and philosophy of</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/martin-heidegger.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Od8OqOdCeZI/Uj4EyiEsz9I/AAAAAAAAVpE/f4-NGIbO0eo/s200/martin+Heidegger+-+Title+Block+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/martin-heidegger.html" target="_blank">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</a></span></td></tr>
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<a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/martin-heidegger.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">MARTIN HEIDEGGER</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The nationalist youth movements, promoting right wing ideology, eventually became popular with the NSDAP and their supporters, including Heinrich Himmler, who belonged to the right-wing farming organization the 'Artaman League'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Artamanen-Gesellschaft (Artaman League) was a German agrarian and völkisch movement dedicated to a 'Blood and Soil' inspired ruralism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Active during the inter-war period, the League became closely linked to, and eventually absorbed by, the NSDAP</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The term Artamanen had been coined before the First World War by Dr. Willibald Hentschel, a believer in racial purity, who had founded his own group, the 'Mittgart Society', in 1906.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Rastinderheide<br />
Georg von Sluyterman Langeweyde</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The term was a portmanteau word of art and manen, Middle High German words meaning 'agriculture man' and indicating Hentschell's desire to see Germans retreat from the decadence of the city in order to return to an ecologically sound, rural past.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The society itself was not formed until 1923, even though Willibald's ideas were somewhat older.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Artamans were part of the German Youth Movement, representing its more right-wing back-to-the-land elements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Under the leadership of Georg Kenstler they advocated 'blood and soil' policies with a strong undercurrent of Anti-Slavism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This völkisch movement believed that the decline of the Aryan race could only be halted by encouraging people to abandon city life in favour of settling in the rural areas in the east.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whilst members wished to perform agricultural labour as an alternative to military service they also saw it as part of their duty to violently oppose Slavs and to drive them out of Germany.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eQifkuPt7ts/Uj4pQrhof9I/AAAAAAAAVsI/DYdI5PtGYWQ/s1600/Adolf+Wissel+-+Bauernfamilie+-+Third+Reich+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="242" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eQifkuPt7ts/Uj4pQrhof9I/AAAAAAAAVsI/DYdI5PtGYWQ/s320/Adolf+Wissel+-+Bauernfamilie+-+Third+Reich+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Adolf Wissel - Bauernfamilie</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The concepts were combined in the figure of the 'Wehrbauer', or soldier-peasant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As such the League sent German youth to work on the land in Saxony and East Prussia, in an attempt to prevent these areas being settled by Poles.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To this end 2000 settlers were sent to Saxony in 1924, to both work on farms and serve as an anti-Slav militia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They also gave classes on importance of racial purity and the Nordic race, and the corrupting influence of city living and Jews.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Like many similar right-wing youth movements in Germany the Artaman League lost impetus as the NSDAP grew. By 1927, 80% of its membership had become National Socialists.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As such the League had disappeared by the early 1930s with most of its membership having switched to the NSDAP.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the late 1920s, some of the Artamans were drawn deeper into politics, and engaged in a holy war against their enemies: liberals, democrats, Free-Masons and Jews.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UDRBPx7TjtY/UjzKedyK5_I/AAAAAAAAVlk/ZVbFmgmkpGs/s1600/Young+Himmler+-+SS+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UDRBPx7TjtY/UjzKedyK5_I/AAAAAAAAVlk/ZVbFmgmkpGs/s200/Young+Himmler+-+SS+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Heinrich Himmler</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eventually many members of the Artaman League turned to National Socialism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heinrich Himmler was an early member and held the position of Gauführer in Bavaria.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"> Richard Walther Darré </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whilst a member of the League Himmler met Richard Walther Darré and the two struck up a close friendship, based largely on Darré's highly developed ideological notions of 'blood and soil' (<i>blut und boden</i>) to which Himmler was attracted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Richard Walther Darré (born Ricardo Walther Oscar Darré; 14 July 1895 – 5 September 1953) was an SS-Obergruppenführer and one of the leading Nazi "blood and soil" (German: Blut und Boden) ideologists. He was appointed by Hitler as Reich Minister of Food and Agriculture. He served in that position from 1933 to 1942. Darré's works were primarily concerned with the ancient and present Nordic peasantry (the ideology of 'Blood and Soil'): within this context, he made an explicit attack against Christianity. In his two main works (Das Bauerntum als Lebensquell der Nordischen Rasse, Munich, 1927 and Neuadel aus Blut und Boden, Munich, 1930), Darré accused Christianity, with its "teaching of the equality of men before God," of having "deprived the Teutonic nobility of its moral foundations", the "innate sense of superiority over the nomadic tribes".</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Darré's writings are an early example of "Green" or Conservationist thinking: he advocated more natural methods of land management, placing emphasis on the conservation of forests, and demanded more open-space and air in the raising of farm animals</span></div>
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'Blut und Boden'</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Darré’s most important innovation was the introduction on a large scale of organic farming methods, significantly labeled “l<i>ebensgesetzliche Landbauweise</i>” or farming according to the laws of life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The impetus for these unprecedented measures came from Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy and its techniques of bio-dynamic cultivation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The campaign to institutionalize organic farming encompassed tens of thousands of smallholdings and estates across Germany.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was largely Darré’s influence in the Third Reich which yielded, in practice, a level of government support for ecologically sound farming methods and land use planning unmatched by any state before or since.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Artaman vision would continue to have a profound effect on Himmler who, throughout his time as Reichsführer-SS, retained his early dreams of a<i> 'racially pure'</i> peasantry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The league was eventually dismantled, and incorporated into the Hitler Jugend in October 1934 as the Nationalist Socialist youth movement gained strength.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Later Developments</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When other groups were being banned or disbanded due to political conflict during the 1930s, the nationalist ideology became connected with National Socialism</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The 'German Life Reform League' broke apart into political factions during this time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Nationalist physician Artur Fedor Fuchs began the 'League for Free Body Culture '(FKK), giving public lectures on the healing powers of the sun in the "<i>Nordic sky</i>", which "<i>alone strengthened and healed the warrior nation</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ancient forest living, and habits presumed to have been followed by the ancient tribes of Germany, were beneficial to regenerating the Aryan people, according to Fuchs' philosophy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Han Sùren, a prominent former military officer, published 'Man and the Sun' (1924), which sold 240,000 copies; by 1941 it was reissued in 68 editions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sùren promoted the Aryan Master Race concept of physically strong, militarized men who would be the "<i>salvation</i>" of the German people.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Freikörperkultur</td></tr>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pNZo4Xg41wc/UdszPD8eVXI/AAAAAAAAT5U/r9ZwmxW_Ts8/s1600/Hans+Suren+-+Gymnastik+-+nacktkultur+-+Arno+Breker+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pNZo4Xg41wc/UdszPD8eVXI/AAAAAAAAT5U/r9ZwmxW_Ts8/s200/Hans+Suren+-+Gymnastik+-+nacktkultur+-+Arno+Breker+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.png" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In many parts of central Europe up until the 18th century, people bathed naked in rivers and lakes, although often separately by sex.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beginning in the late 18th century, public nudity became increasingly taboo, though this never penetrated into sparsely-populated Scandinavia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At the same time, Lord Monboddo (1714-1779) practiced and preached nude bathing as a revival of Ancient Greek attitudes toward nudity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This found literary reference in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg's (1742-1799) book 'Das Luftbad'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1898 the first FKK club was founded in Essen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1900 more and more Swedish baths arose in rooms in Berlin and on the North and Baltic seas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A few years before there were mixed sex baths in many places, which, although requiring contemporary, modest bath clothes, were either forbidden or regarded as immoral.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Freikörperkultur - FKK</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Behind the FKK movement lay an attitude towards life in which the naked body is not shameful. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The nudity of FKK should not involve sexuality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this light, the need to be nude in the shower or sauna does not belong with Freikörperkultur, since it's practically necessary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In FKK, nudity has prior group consensus, and therefore demands no reserved zones, such as separate beaches or club areas.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Freikörperkultur - FKK</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A while later, after the political liberalization, conservative circles tried to challenge the increasingly popular (especially among urban intellectuals) nude baths as a corruption of morality.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first nude beach in Germany was established in 1920 on the island of Sylt.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1933 after the National Socialists came to power, nudist organizations were integrated into the NSDAP.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first dissertation about the FKK movement was written in the 1930s.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Himmler and the SS supported Naturism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The 'Kampfring für völkische Freikörperkultur', established in May 1933, was a National Socialist völkisch umbrella body for German Freikörperkultur nudist groups, which excluded Jews and communist nudist groups.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">National Socialist Ecology</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National Socialist “religion of nature,” was a mixture of primeval teutonic nature mysticism, ecological ideology, anti-Enlightenment, and a philosophy of racial salvation through a return to the land.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Its predominant themes were ‘natural order,’ organicist holism and denigration of post industrial Humanism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Throughout the writings, not only of Hitler, but of most Völkisch</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ideologues, one can discern a fundamental deprecation of humans vis-à-vis nature, and, as a logical corollary to this, an attack upon human efforts to 'over-master' nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many <i>anthropocentric</i> views in general had to be rejected.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They would be valid only <i>‘if it is assumed that nature has been created only for man. We decisively reject this attitude. According to our conception of nature, man is a link in the living chain of nature just as any other organism’</i>.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--IcF7YxrCPc/Uj4iPNRMukI/AAAAAAAAVrA/usaqWF1Hj48/s1600/Hitler's+Table+Talk+-+Logo+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--IcF7YxrCPc/Uj4iPNRMukI/AAAAAAAAVrA/usaqWF1Hj48/s200/Hitler's+Table+Talk+-+Logo+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Hitler is was essential to ascertain “<i>the eternal laws of nature’s processes</i>”, and organizing society to correspond to them.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the National Socialist world view ecological themes were linked with traditional agrarian romanticism, and hostility to urban civilization, all revolving around the idea of <i>rootedness</i> in nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler discussed, in detail, various renewable energy sources (including environmentally appropriate hydro-power and producing natural gas from sludge) as alternatives to coal, and declaring “<i>water, winds and tides</i>” as the energy path of the future.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kZJv83qcaeU/Ui4qFZrI5_I/AAAAAAAAVT8/SgjtSDZFDbc/s1600/Org+Todt+-+Logo+-++Occult+Third+Reich+-+NSDAP+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="197" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kZJv83qcaeU/Ui4qFZrI5_I/AAAAAAAAVT8/SgjtSDZFDbc/s200/Org+Todt+-+Logo+-++Occult+Third+Reich+-+NSDAP+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Organisation Todt<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5sklf9yUw8s/Ui4RR_suerI/AAAAAAAAVTc/vrE9D7pIjLw/s1600/Fritz+Todt+-+Deutschland+-+Third+Reich+-+NSDAP+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5sklf9yUw8s/Ui4RR_suerI/AAAAAAAAVTc/vrE9D7pIjLw/s200/Fritz+Todt+-+Deutschland+-+Third+Reich+-+NSDAP+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">Fritz Todt</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The two men principally responsible for sustaining this environmentalist commitment in the midst of <i>intensive industrialization</i> were Reichsminister Fritz Todt and his aide, the high-level planner and engineer Alwin Seifert, whom Todt had called a “<i>fanatical ecologist</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todt was “<i>one of the most influential National Socialists</i>,” directly responsible for questions of technological and industrial policy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At his death in 1942 he headed three different cabinet-level ministries in addition to the enormous quasi-official 'Organisation Todt', and had “<i>gathered the major technical tasks of the Reich into his own hands.</i>”</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yL_PK1WDbio/UYGE5yAZZII/AAAAAAAAVJ8/D7PVDceGq-4/s1600/Albert+Speer+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yL_PK1WDbio/UYGE5yAZZII/AAAAAAAAVJ8/D7PVDceGq-4/s200/Albert+Speer+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="156" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Albert Speer</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to his successor, Albert Speer, Todt “<i>loved Nature</i>” and “<i>repeatedly had serious run-ins with Bormann, protesting against his despoiling the landscape around Obersalzberg</i>.” </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another source calls him simply “<i>an ecologist</i>.”</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qkSHbJ-37fg/Ui40jCbbcII/AAAAAAAAVUo/C5lWMTYybzg/s1600/reichsautobahn+-+stahlernde+Romantik+-+German+Reactionary+Modernism+-+Deutschland+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qkSHbJ-37fg/Ui40jCbbcII/AAAAAAAAVUo/C5lWMTYybzg/s200/reichsautobahn+-+stahlernde+Romantik+-+German+Reactionary+Modernism+-+Deutschland+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Reichsautobahn</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This reputation is based chiefly on Todt’s efforts to make Autobahn construction - one of the largest building enterprises undertaken in this century - as <i>environmentally sensitive</i> as possible.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todt demanded of the completed work of technology '<i>a harmony with Nature</i>' and with the landscape, thereby fulfilling modern ecological principles of engineering as well as the ‘<i>organological</i>’ principles of his own era along with their roots in <i>völkisch ideology</i>.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hkq_hyPmiBo/UfK7qri0p-I/AAAAAAAAVIU/dDh1mdWOOAg/s1600/German+Autobahn+-+1936+-++Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hkq_hyPmiBo/UfK7qri0p-I/AAAAAAAAVIU/dDh1mdWOOAg/s200/German+Autobahn+-+1936+-++Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Reichsautobahn</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ecological aspects of this approach to construction went well beyond an emphasis on harmonious adaptation to the natural surroundings for aesthetic reasons; Todt also established strict criteria for respecting wetlands, forests and ecologically sensitive areas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But just as with Arndt, Riehl and Darré, these environmentalist concerns were inseparably bound to a <i>völkisch-nationalist</i> outlook.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todt himself expressed this connection succinctly:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“<i>The fulfillment of mere transportation purposes is not the final aim of German highway construction. The German highway must be an expression of its surrounding landscape and an expression of the German essence.</i>”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seifert, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Todt’s aide, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">bore the official title of 'Reich Fürsprecher für die Landschaft'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The appellation was deserved; Seifert dreamed of a “<i>total conversion from technology to nature</i>,” and would often wax lyrical about the wonders of German nature, and the tragedy of “<i>humankind’s</i>” carelessness.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As early as 1934 he wrote to Heß demanding attention to water issues, and invoking “<i>work methods that are more attuned to nature</i>.”</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZygyFG6Qfs0/Uj4jUKtzgLI/AAAAAAAAVrI/dKP2bwxPOlg/s1600/+Ploughing+-++Mein+Kampf+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="167" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZygyFG6Qfs0/Uj4jUKtzgLI/AAAAAAAAVrI/dKP2bwxPOlg/s320/+Ploughing+-++Mein+Kampf+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Farming, ‘Independent of Capital’.</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In discharging his official duties Seifert stressed the importance of wilderness, and energetically <i>opposed monoculture</i>, wetlands drainage and <i>chemicalized agriculture</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He also “<i>called for an agricultural revolution towards ‘a more peasant-like, natural, simple’ method of farming, ‘independent of capital’</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the Third Reich’s technological policy entrusted to figures such as these, even the National Socialists’ massive industrial build-up took on a distinctively ecological quality.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The prominence of <i>Nature </i>in the party’s philosophical background helped ensure that more radical initiatives often received a sympathetic hearing in the highest offices of the National Socialist state.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the mid-thirties Todt and Seifert vigorously pushed for an all-encompassing Reich Law for the protection of 'die Erde' “<i>in order to stem the steady loss of this irreplaceable basis of all life.</i>” Seifert reports that all of the ministries were prepared to co-operate save one; only the minister of the economy opposed the bill because of its impact on mining.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Rudolf Heß</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was, however, Rudolf Heß provided the ecologists of the NSDAP with support from the very top of the party hierarchy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heß was not only the highest party leader and second in line (after Göring) to succeed Hitler; in addition, all legislation and every decree had to pass through his office before becoming law.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An inveterate nature lover, Heß insisted on a strictly bio-dynamic diet - not even Hitler’s rigorous vegetarian standards were good enough for him - and accepted only homeopathic medicines.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2TJOc8y_2ow/Uj4k_22h2OI/AAAAAAAAVrU/oq3xuGBcleU/s1600/Walther+Darre+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2TJOc8y_2ow/Uj4k_22h2OI/AAAAAAAAVrU/oq3xuGBcleU/s200/Walther+Darre+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Walter Darré</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was Heß who introduced Darré to Hitler, thus securing the ecologists its first power base, and he was an even more tenacious proponent of organic farming than Darré.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With Heß’s enthusiastic backing, the “<i>green wing</i>” was able to achieve its most notable successes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As early as March 1933, a wide array of environmentalist legislation was approved and implemented at national, regional and local levels.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These measures included the creation of nature preserves, and championed sustainable forestry, ordered the protection of hedgerows and other wildlife habitats, and designed the autobahn highway network as a way of bringing Germans closer to nature.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also in 1933, the concerns of the NSDAP were not only laid with the people, but with the animals native to Germany.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1934, a national hunting law was passed to regulate how many animals could be killed per year, and to establish proper ‘<i>hunting seasons</i>’.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These hunting laws have now been applied in most western countries</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This law was known as 'Das Reichsjagdgesetz', (Reich Hunting Law).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Reichstag also footed the bill for education on animal conservation at Primary, Secondary and College levels.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Additionally, in 1935, another law was passed, the Reichsnaturschutzgesetz (Reich Nature Protection Act).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This law placed several native species on a protection list including the <i>wolf,</i> and Eurasian lynx. Additions were added later as to afforestation and the humane slaughter of living fish</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Without this law it is likely some species would have completely disappeared from Germany’s forests.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-173P5D1OW48/UjzuOykdDoI/AAAAAAAAVoM/jEC0vn8l3q0/s1600/KdF+Flagge.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-173P5D1OW48/UjzuOykdDoI/AAAAAAAAVoM/jEC0vn8l3q0/s200/KdF+Flagge.png" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Beauty of Labour’<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several nationwide programs were initiated to benefit the ordinary German worker.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first, ‘Beauty of Labour’, was created in 1934 to enhance the concept of a comfortable and pleasant workspace for the German worker.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the following year this ordinance was followed up by a ‘Reich Nature Protection Law’ to ensure the worker could walk through parks in complete safety.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Also, laws were enacted to control air pollution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nothing could be more wrong than to suppose that most of the leading National Socialist ideologues had cynically feigned an agrarian romanticism and hostility to urban culture, without any inner conviction, and for merely electoral and propaganda purposes, in order to hoodwink the public.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In reality, the majority of the leading National Socialist ideologists were without any doubt more or less inclined to <i>agrarianism</i> and <i>anti-urbanism,</i> and convinced of the need for a relative re-agrarianization.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ecologists of the NSDAP was not a group of innocents, confused and manipulated idealists, or reformers from within; they were conscious promoters and executors of a program dedicated to the conservation of nature in accordance with </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the eternal laws of nature’s processes.</i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is frequently pointed out, however, that the <i>agrarian</i> and <i>romantic</i> currents in National Socialist ideology and policy were in supposed constant <i>tension </i>with, if not in flat <i>contradiction</i> to, the <i>technocratic-industrialist thrust </i>of the Third Reich’s rapid <i>modernization</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is not often remarked (what is, again intentionally suppressed) is that all the essential these <i>modernizing</i> tendencies had a significant <i>ecological component</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Industry was brought into <i>balance</i> with 'natural law'.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">click below for a full discussion and more images</span></div>
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<tr><td><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/german-reactionary-modernism-in.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g64TtSJW6GA/Uj4u53ZQFWI/AAAAAAAAVtA/iZj99hQjO_A/s200/German+Reactionary+Modernism+Wamper+-+Logo.png" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/german-reactionary-modernism-in.html" target="_blank">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</a></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/german-reactionary-modernism-in.html" target="_blank">MODERNISM AND TRADITION IN THE THIRD REICH</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Hitler and Green Politics</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9NeYpdIB98o/Uj4l6eLD8mI/AAAAAAAAVrc/OYZEqKgPNPo/s1600/Third+Reich+Anti+Smoking+-+Propaganda+-++Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9NeYpdIB98o/Uj4l6eLD8mI/AAAAAAAAVrc/OYZEqKgPNPo/s200/Third+Reich+Anti+Smoking+-+Propaganda+-++Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Anti Smoking Poster</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler was so opposed to smoking in his later life that he couldn't stand someone 'lighting up' in the same room, and often felt obligated to object to it as a waste of money.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, he began one of the most expensive and effective tobacco movements in history.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While during the 1930s and 1940s, other anti-tobacco movements failed fantastically in other countries, it was taken seriously in the Third Reich</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Smoking was banned in restaurants and public transportation systems, citing public health, and the government severely regulated the advertising of smoking and cigarettes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There was also a high tobacco tax, and the supplies of cigarettes to the Wehrmacht were rationed.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several health organizations in Nazi Germany even began claiming that smoking heightened the risks of miscarriages by pregnant women, now a commonly known fact</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The statistics of annual cigarette consumption per capita as of 1940 had Germany at only 749, while Americans smoked over 3,000.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Smoking was also outlawed in schools.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler was convinced that Germany itself was overpopulated, over-industrialized, and running out of space and food, all of which was destroying the biological substance of the German people.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It would therefore be essential to push East in order to resolve this existential biological-environmental crisis., and this meant that, since the laws of Nature demanded the survival of the fittest species, there would have to be a massive displacement and de-population program.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Racial species, like the Aryans, must be protected from extinction, just as much as any animal, and a green, vegetarian diet was going to play a future role in this natural process.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ccfdJB6mK9k/UjzhNiU0FFI/AAAAAAAAVnM/zxlxoZhAnSw/s1600/Hitler+and+Blondi+-+Berghof+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ccfdJB6mK9k/UjzhNiU0FFI/AAAAAAAAVnM/zxlxoZhAnSw/s200/Hitler+and+Blondi+-+Berghof+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="137" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Hitler and Blondi</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As Hitler himself pointed out:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“<i>as regards the animals, the dog, who is carnivorous, cannot compare in performance with the horse, which is vegetarian. In the same way, the lion shows sign of fatigue after covering only two or three kilometers, while the camel marches for six and seven days before his tongue even begins to hang out.</i>” </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.Not surprisingly perhaps, vegetarians and environmentalists have largely downplayed the historical record of the 'green policies' of the Third Reich.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some have been quick to point out that Hitler supposedly cheated on occasion with ham, sausage, and seafood dishes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler was also occasionally inconsistent with regard to environmental preservationist values and practices, largely because of the need to place Germany on an all out war footing throughout the 1930’s in a vast arms build-up.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler was also a fond of grand building projects, and was planning on exploiting the natural resources in the East as much as possible to win the war</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler, of course, attributed his vegetarianism to the famous German opera composer Richard Wagner, who provided a musical icon for the Third Reich.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why, one might ask ?</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because Wagner preached a racist socialism (national socialism), based on vegetarianism that would cleanse Germany from the Jews.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Weber and Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama, and which was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle 'Der Ring des Nibelungen' (The Ring of the Nibelung).</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c0KXJOk7x2k/Ujzg8-fF_bI/AAAAAAAAVnE/pTV8K-NStQw/s1600/Richard+Wagner+-+Music+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-c0KXJOk7x2k/Ujzg8-fF_bI/AAAAAAAAVnE/pTV8K-NStQw/s200/Richard+Wagner+-+Music+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://completerichardwagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" target="_blank">Richard Wagner</a></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DCNUd4ILbuQ/UjzgczXVP_I/AAAAAAAAVm8/IrKo5j87CnA/s1600/Parsifal+-+1890+-+Fidus+(Hugo+H%C3%B6ppener+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DCNUd4ILbuQ/UjzgczXVP_I/AAAAAAAAVm8/IrKo5j87CnA/s200/Parsifal+-+1890+-+Fidus+(Hugo+H%C3%B6ppener+-+Ecology+-+Deutschland+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a><br />
Fidus (Hugo Höppener)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://completerichardwagner.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/die-komplette-wagner.html" target="_blank">Wagner</a> was both a revolutionary, and an anti-Semite, who hated the Jews for <i>commercializing</i> art.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wagner, like many intellectuals of his time, had been interested in the writings of Charles Darwin, whose books Wagner read during the 1870's.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The underlying ideas of '<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a>', Wagner's last opera - and Hitler's favourite opera, were those of social Darwinism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'<a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal'</a> is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. It is loosely based on Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach, a 13th-century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his quest for the Holy Grail, and on Perceval, the Story of the Grail, by Chrétien de Troyes' (12 с.).</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wagner first conceived the work in April 1857 but did not finish it until twenty-five years later. It was to be Wagner's last completed opera and in composing it he took advantage of the particular acoustics of his Bayreuth Festspielhaus. Parsifal was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882. The Bayreuth Festival maintained a monopoly on Parsifal productions until 1903, when the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wagner preferred to describe Parsifal not as an opera, but as "ein Bühnenweihfestspiel" ("A Festival Play for the Consecration of the Stage").</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/parsifal-und-die-deutsche-seele.html" target="_blank">Parsifal</a>, the embattled community of the Grail had been alarmed to observe natural selection working against its distinctive Aryanism ... here was the decisive racial crisis that grew into an uncompromising struggle for power.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Iz_rTML0kRU/UjzcU9yOiUI/AAAAAAAAVmg/aPFbEnsHU5c/s1600/Montsalvat+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Iz_rTML0kRU/UjzcU9yOiUI/AAAAAAAAVmg/aPFbEnsHU5c/s200/Montsalvat+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Monsalvat</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The distress of Monsalvat that emerges during act one -- and which has deepened by act three -- of Wagner's drama is a racial crisis.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/hitler-und-wagner-most-momentous-non.html" target="_blank">Hitler saw Parsifal</a> in terms of racial crisis, homoeroticism and vegetarianism. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TIgbBT5txOI/Ui5F0NbTQgI/AAAAAAAAVVE/Nm4_8slkGwc/s1600/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TIgbBT5txOI/Ui5F0NbTQgI/AAAAAAAAVVE/Nm4_8slkGwc/s200/Arthur_Schopenhauer_Portrait_by_Ludwig_Sigismund_Ruhl_1815+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Arthur Schopenhauer</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More importantly is that Wagner was also an ardent student of the great German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher best known for his book, 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' (The World as Will and Representation), in which he stated that our world is driven by a continually dissatisfied will, continually seeking satisfaction. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, 'On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason', which examined the four distinct aspects of experience in the phenomenal world; consequently, he has been influential in the history of phenomenology. He has influenced a long list of thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Otto Weininger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Otto Rank, Carl Jung, and Thomas Mann.</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schopenhauer blamed the Jews for animal cruelty, since Genesis 1 unabashedly teaches that man was made in God’s image, and hence commissioned to rule over nature,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“<i>the fault lies with the Jewish view that regards animals as something manufactured for man’s use.</i>”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schopenhauer, perhaps the original animal rights guru of Europe, was appalled by the fact that John the Baptist wore animal skins.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And Schopenhauer was also Hitler’s favourite philosopher - with Nietzsche coming a close second.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QRPKt3qHa3k/Uj4mOqwocuI/AAAAAAAAVrk/GQmXvGtXl94/s1600/Karl+Wilhelm+Diefenbach+-+BildnisRichard+Wagner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QRPKt3qHa3k/Uj4mOqwocuI/AAAAAAAAVrk/GQmXvGtXl94/s200/Karl+Wilhelm+Diefenbach+-+BildnisRichard+Wagner.jpg" width="148" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Richard Wagner<br />
Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach</td></tr>
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</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nmIOxd4fP9s/Ujzc_hQdjkI/AAAAAAAAVmo/8xwVX5jmVRs/s1600/Ernst+Haeckel+-++History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nmIOxd4fP9s/Ujzc_hQdjkI/AAAAAAAAVmo/8xwVX5jmVRs/s200/Ernst+Haeckel+-++History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Ernst Haeckel</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/hitler-und-wagner-most-momentous-non.html" target="_blank">Wagner</a> was also an avid reader of Ernst Haeckel’s Social Darwinian ecology that was extremely popular in Germany in the latter half of the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1800’s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 – August 9, 1919), was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While Hitler eschewed some of Haeckel’s political views, his Germanic Social Darwinism would become the scientific foundation upon which National Socialist racial theory was built.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XsEZkfOBtm4/UYPhHw-4mGI/AAAAAAAAQ1M/DvLpzuH4oq8/s1600/Dietrich+Eckart+-+Portrait+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XsEZkfOBtm4/UYPhHw-4mGI/AAAAAAAAQ1M/DvLpzuH4oq8/s200/Dietrich+Eckart+-+Portrait+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/dietrich-eckart-hitlers-mentor.html" target="_blank">Dietrich Eckart</a></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moreover, Schopenhauer and Haeckel were also enthusiastically read by Hitler’s spiritual mentor, <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/dietrich-eckart-hitlers-mentor.html" target="_blank">Dietrich Eckart</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dietrich Eckart was a central figure in the early days of the Nazi Party. Eckart was a wealthy nationalistic poet who was frequently seen at the side of Adolf Hitler before his death in 1923. Hitler referred to Eckart as his “North Star” and that his value to the National Socialist cause was “inestimable”</span><br />
<span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, Wagner’s strong interest in both of these avant-garde German scholars would all but guarantee that, in spite of Hitler’s occasional inconsistency on green socialist issues, environmental themes would still play an important role in National Socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler himself asserted that:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“<i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/hitler-und-wagner-most-momentous-non.html" target="_blank">whoever wishes to comprehend National Socialism must first know Richard Wagner</a></i>.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That the <i>first</i> noteworthy political accomplishment of National Socialism was the 1933 passage of an animal rights law should thus come as no surprise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a part of the law, Jewish ritual slaughter related to Passover was henceforth forbidden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This was certainly the Romantic fruit of Schopenhauer’s prophetic thesis in the 1800’s that Europe owes: </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Shechita - שחיטה</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“<i>the animals not mercy but justice, and the debt often remains unpaid in Europe, the continent that is permeated with the odor of the Jews … it is obviously high time in Europe that Jewish views on nature were brought to an end … the unconscionable treatment of the animal world must, on account of their immorality, be expelled from Europe !</i>”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And it is interesting to note how literally Hitler took this ‘prophecy’ to heart.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Hebrew term shechita (שחיטה), also transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita, is the ritual slaughter of mammals and birds for food according to Jewish dietary laws (Deut. 12:21, Deut. 14:21, Num. 11:22) The animal must be killed by a shochet (שוחט, "ritual slaughterer"), a religious Jew. The act is performed by severing the trachea, esophagus, carotid arteries, jugular veins and vagus nerve in a swift action using an extremely sharp blade ("chalef"). This results in a rapid drop in blood pressure in the brain and loss of consciousness. According to Jewish religious sources, the animal is now insensible to pain and exsanguinates in a prompt and precise action. The animal can be in a number of positions; when the animal is lying on its back, this is referred to as shechita munachat; in a standing position it is known as shechita me'umedet. Before slaughtering, the animal must be healthy, uninjured, and viable.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">'Der ewige Jude' - The Eternal Jew</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, in the documentary film “The Eternal Jew”, the Jewish ritual slaughter of cattle and sheep was graphically shown right at the climax of the film to heighten its effect.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Neither does it fail to mention that the Mosaic Law has “<i>no love or respect for animals in the Germanic sense.</i>”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The documentary film then finally reveals Hitler for the first time, and lauds his efforts on the passage of Nazi animal rights legislation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Der ewige Jude' The Eternal Jew (1940) is a German documentary film, presented. The film's title is the German term for the character of the "Wandering Jew" in medieval folklore. The film was directed by Fritz Hippler. The screenplay is credited to Eberhard Taubert. The film consists of feature and documentary footage combined with materials filmed shortly after the Nazi occupation of Poland. The film was in production for over a year. Throughout the end of 1939 and the beginning of 1940, Goebbels devoted "constant attention" to the film. The basic tenet of the film is that "<i>the Jew is an oriental barbarian who has insinuated himself cleverly into European society, and now exploits it parasitically.</i>"</span><br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">The public distribution and exhibition of the film is prohibited in Germany; the only exception is for use in college classrooms and other academic purposes; however, exhibitors must have formal education in "media science and the history of the Holocaust." In addition, only a specially annotated version may be screened. Elsewhere, it is generally legal. It is free to view and download, and can be seen on <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlHVin56U2w%E2%80%8E" target="_blank">YouTube</a> in both subtitled and dubbed versions.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this context it should be remembered that </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i>To many National Socialists, the great sin of modern international civilization, which was characterized as Jewish Bolshevism in the East and Jewish Capitalism in the West, was its incessant concern in trying to overcome nature according to Judeo-Christian values</i>"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The fact of the matter is that Völkisch ideologues adopted a literal reading of the concept of 'Nature'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">More than a few of these ideologues characterized National Socialism as “politically applied biology.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since biology is a part of ecology, what the Völkisch ideologues meant with regard to 'politically applied biology' was that nature was to have primacy over politics and the economy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Biology</i> and ecology were thus everywhere applied socially and politically.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To many National Socialists, the great sin of modern international civilization, which was characterized as Jewish Bolshevism in the East and Jewish Capitalism in the West, was its incessant concern in trying to overcome nature according to Judeo-Christian values.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such an endeavor Hitler called “<i>Jewish nonsense</i>.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the eyes of the National Socialists, this <i>self defeating </i>effort would finally come to an end through National Socialism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, Germany’s eugenic survival depended upon the success of the indigenous Aryan instinct to ‘authentically’ counteract the Judeo-Christian international rebellion against Nature and her Social Darwinian laws.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National Socialists were thus determined to usher in a '<i>new world order'</i> based on the literal application of Nature’s Social Darwinian laws to social and political life.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Richard Walther Darré</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">SS Runes</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hence, in a similar, but significantly more profound manner that the Marxists, who envisaged a secular eschaton of a socialistic utopia at the end of history based on the literal socio-economic conditions on the ground, so the National Socialists countered with the much heralded 1,000 year Reich based on literal biology and ecology, which Himmler’s SS especially took to heart with their doctrine of “<i>Blood and Soil</i>”, derived form Richard Walther Darré.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">German <i>blood</i> and German soil were principles that according to Nature’s Social Darwinian laws of life, must be adhered to if the Third Reich was to achieve the eschaton.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While the Marxists, however, viewed the eschaton as more open ended, National Socialists viewed the 1,000 year Reich as the perfect means of denying the idea of the 1,000 year Judeo-Christian Millennium predicted in the book of Revelation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Both the Marxists and National Socialists thus extracted from the Judeo-Christian world-view its apocalyptic view of history, yet discarded its sacred and supernatural framework for the most <i>modern</i> political and social-scientific-evolutionary discoveries of the times.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short, the Marxists believed that the eschaton would be realized through the socio-economic dialectical conflict between the capitalists and the proletariat. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Soviet Eschaton is the 'withering away of the state' - a concept of Marxism, coined by Friedrich Engels, and referring to the idea that the social institution of a state will eventually become obsolete and disappear, as the society will be able to govern itself without the state and its coercive enforcement of the law. Although Engels first introduced the idea of the withering of the state, he attributed the underlying concept to Karl Marx; other Marxist theorists - including Vladimir Lenin - would later expand on it. According to this concept a communist society will eventually require no coercion to force individuals to behave in a way that benefits the society. Such a society would occur after a temporary period of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This scenario depended on Marx's view of coercive power as a tool of those who own the means of production, i.e. certain social classes (the bourgeoisie) and the capitalist state. In a communist society the social classes would disappear and the means of production would have no single owner; hence, such a stateless society will no longer require law, and stateless communism, a communist utopia, will develop.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Herrenvolk</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National Socialists, however, believed that the Aryan Millenium would come about through the application of modern <i>biological eugenics</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The process may well take an immense period of time, as the '</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Master Race' would slowly be created as the pinnacle of biological evolution precisely because it was <i>most in tune</i> with the laws of Nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But this would<i> not</i> be the final result.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although Hitler never spoke about the final process in detail, he indicated that the 'herrenvolk' (master-race) would form the grundlagen (foundation) for the coming Übermensch (the race of heroes, demi-gods and god-men)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;"> Übermensch<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>'It is my ultimate aim to perform an act of creation, a divine operation,</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>the goal of a biological mutation which will result in an unprecedented exaltation of the human race and the appearance of a new race of heroes, demi-gods and god-men.</i></span><br />
<i><span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My party comrades have no conception of the dreams that haunt my mind, or of the grandiose edifice of which the foundations, (grundlagen)</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> at least, will have been laid before I die. </span></span></i><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The world has reached a turning point, and will undergo an upheaval which the uninitiated cannot understand.'</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler</span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-49002807078819087662015-05-01T02:41:00.002-07:002015-05-08T01:55:31.964-07:00Nationalsozialismus und die Welt von Morgens - National Socialism and the World of Tomorrow<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>“To be modern only means to fill new forms with eternal truths.”</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Joseph Goebbels</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Surprisingly this article is not about Neo-Nazism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is rather a dissertation which attempts to put into historical perspective the initial reasons for the success of National Socialism in Germany, in the 1920s and 1930s, along with the success of fascism in other countries during the same period.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In investigating this historical perspective, we will attempt to show the relationship between National Socialism, Modernism and Futurism*.</span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">* </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">please note that the word 'Futurism' is not used here to describe the artistic and philosophical movement prevalent in Italy in the early years of the 20th century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">The World of Tomorrow</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">While many see National Socialism as a 'late Romantic' throwback to 19th Century values, or even as a return to medieval or tribal, 'Germanic' barbarism, this is a misreading of the facts, and possibly the result of giving too much weight to some of the propaganda that was couched in deliberately 'archaic' terms, in order to try to forge a link between the aggressively modernistic basis of National Socialist ideology, and a popular, idealistic conception of a 'romanticized' past.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Archaic Propaganda</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That authentic National Socialism espoused a form of 'Romanticism' is undoubtedly true, but that 'Romanticism' was termed 'Stählerne Romantik' – and is, in reality, a form of 'Modernism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism is considered to be the creation of Adolph Hitler, but he was far from being alone in that endeavor.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">German Trenches in the Great War</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Der Grosse Krieg</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Almost all the men who played a significant part in the creation of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers Party) had been directly involved in what they would have termed the Grosse Krieg (the Great War), and which we now know as the First World War.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That war was undoubtedly the crucial event of the age – the 'watershed of the epoch'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">While the concept of 'modernism' had already begun to evolve from the technical and social changes engendered by the industrial revolution, there was not a direct link between industrialism and 'modernism'.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Children's Maypole 1903<br />
Helen Allingham</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Water Lily Pond - 1918<br />
Claude Monet</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Highly industrialized countries, leading the industrial revolution, such as England, could not be said to be culturally 'modern' – and, in fact, England was backward looking, and a backwater culturally, as the new century dawned.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">France, a backwater in terms of industrialization, however, was decidedly 'modern' in terms of culture. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Germany was neither as backward as England, or as advanced as France. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In Germany, however, all this changed after 1918.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Whereas England and France retained their traditions in forms of government and economic and social organisation, Germany was thrown into political, social and cultural turmoil by the rapid collapse of the Second Reich at the conclusion of the war.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> Großstadt (Metropolis) (1927-28)<br />
Otto Dix</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weimar Constitution</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'Modernism', of course, was the watchword of the newly created Weimar Republic, which arose, unsteadily, from the ruins of the defunct Reich.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For many, however, it was a spurious 'modernism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was a 'modernism' that was content to sneer at the recently wrecked values of the Kaiserreich, and produce works that were at best 'unfinished', and at worst downright incompetent and ugly.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Terrified at only having won the last war (1939-1945) by a whisker, and equally terrified by the sheer dynamism of the Third Reich, most contemporary critics now consider the pathetic works of Weimar to be the apogee of 'modernist' culture, and the culture of the twenty-first century is now, sadly, poisoned by the continuing aesthetic of Weimar.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dPUGxbzOv7w/VUOxT1xdeYI/AAAAAAAAMZI/ZfaNjEl5zAk/s1600/The%2BRoman%2BHouse%2B-%2BWeimar%2B-%2BGoethe%2B-%2BWeimar%2BClassicism%2B-%2B%2BGerman%2BRomanticism%2B-%2B%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2Bgermany%2Band%2BAustria%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="139" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dPUGxbzOv7w/VUOxT1xdeYI/AAAAAAAAMZI/ZfaNjEl5zAk/s1600/The%2BRoman%2BHouse%2B-%2BWeimar%2B-%2BGoethe%2B-%2BWeimar%2BClassicism%2B-%2B%2BGerman%2BRomanticism%2B-%2B%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2Bgermany%2Band%2BAustria%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Roman House - Weimar</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Weimar, of course, had had a previous incarnation as the city of 'Weimarer Klassik'.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Weimarer Klassik' is a cultural and literary movement of Europe. Followers attempted to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical and Enlightenment ideas. The movement, from 1772 until 1805, involved Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller and Christoph Martin Wieland, and often concentrated on Goethe and Schiller during the period 1788–1805. Because of its associations with 'classicism', and with a high point in European and German culture, the National Socialists, rightly, always 'bent a knee' towards the beautiful city of Weimar, despite its associations with the detested 'Republic'.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler with Frau Förster-Nietzsche<br />
at the Nietzsche Archiv - Weimar</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The other reason for the members of the NDSAP to revere Weimar was the fact that it was the home of the Nietzsche Archiv. The Nietzsche-Archiv, was the first organization that dedicated itself to archive and document the life and work of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Nietzsche Archive was founded in 1894 in Naumburg, Germany, and found a permanent location at Weimar. Its history until the middle of the 20th century was closely tied to its founder and chief for many years, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the philosopher's sister. Hitler was a regular visitor and was always recieved by Frau </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Förster-Nietzsche.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The emerging national Socialists, however, saw the post 1918 Weimar Culture for what it was, and rejected much of it out of hand, quite rightly.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b> 'Stählerne Romantik'</b></span>original painting by Peter Crawford<br /><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Those aspects of Weimar Culture that were legitimately modern, though, the National Socialists held on to, and subsequently they absorbed those aspects into their concept of 'Stählerne Romantik'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bqwE0dY956k/VUQBVyxOxqI/AAAAAAAAMbg/niy4iln518w/s1600/Germans%2BTroops%2Breturning%2Bfrom%2BWar%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1918%2B-%2BDer%2BGrosse%2BKrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bder%2BErste%2BWeltkrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bqwE0dY956k/VUQBVyxOxqI/AAAAAAAAMbg/niy4iln518w/s1600/Germans%2BTroops%2Breturning%2Bfrom%2BWar%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1918%2B-%2BDer%2BGrosse%2BKrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bder%2BErste%2BWeltkrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Returning German Soldiers<br />
Brandenburg Gate - Berlin</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The returning 'front line' soldiers, who formed the bulk of the newly created National Socialist Workers Party had seen the effects of one aspect of 'modernism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That aspect was the industrialization of warfare, which they realized could make conquest rapid and efficient, if used with insight, but if handled without due thought, could result in the appalling slaughter of the trenches.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fyviDTOP9x8/VUQD0Che5VI/AAAAAAAAMbs/2nm_pGk0A1s/s1600/Aristocracy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBlood%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fyviDTOP9x8/VUQD0Che5VI/AAAAAAAAMbs/2nm_pGk0A1s/s1600/Aristocracy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBlood%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.jpg" width="154" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Good Blood</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j4p1mkdrL-E/VUQEWOw7ghI/AAAAAAAAMb0/lY9qtmPoksQ/s1600/Ideal%2BAryan%2BMale%2BRune%2BFlag%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j4p1mkdrL-E/VUQEWOw7ghI/AAAAAAAAMb0/lY9qtmPoksQ/s1600/Ideal%2BAryan%2BMale%2BRune%2BFlag%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.png" width="129" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aristocracy of the Blood<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They had also learned that the industrialization of warfare, and more particularly, the industrialization of society, would not be effective if the social divisions that crippled the Second Reich were maintained.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Their front line experience also showed them, however, that it would not be wise the completely eliminate the concept of aristocracy, so beloved of the Prussian junkers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aristocracy for these newly hardened men, though, would be an aristocracy of 'ability', but also an aristocracy of blood. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Their experiences at the front had shown them that it was almost always men of 'good blood' who were the most suited to plan, organize and lead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Of course, many would consider the concern with 'good blood' to be a throwback to past 'tribal' attitudes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This, though, was not the case.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialists, and in particular Adolph Hitler and Heinrich Himmler were inspired by the then recent rise of the science of eugenics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9RBFyOvMEm8/VUSn3v97suI/AAAAAAAAMf0/UDpMMqyBxys/s1600/Francis%2BGalton%2B-%2BEugenics%2B-%2Brace%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9RBFyOvMEm8/VUSn3v97suI/AAAAAAAAMf0/UDpMMqyBxys/s1600/Francis%2BGalton%2B-%2BEugenics%2B-%2Brace%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.jpg" width="188" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Francis Galton</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7l5H6GvOrhU/UuXC9fzM_-I/AAAAAAAALHA/dv9otGjbtYU/s1600/Collier%2B-%2BCharles%2BRobert%2BDarwin%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7l5H6GvOrhU/UuXC9fzM_-I/AAAAAAAALHA/dv9otGjbtYU/s1600/Collier%2B-%2BCharles%2BRobert%2BDarwin%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="188" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Darwin</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes "well-born" from εὖ eu, "good, well" and γένος genos, "race, stock, kin") is a science that aims at improving genetic quality. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">It is a social philosophy advocating the improvement of human genetic traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of people with desired traits (positive eugenics), or reduced reproduction of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics), or both. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The idea of eugenics to decrease the birth of inferior human beings has existed at least since William Goodell (1829-1894). However, the term "eugenics" to describe the 'modern' concept of improving the quality of human beings born into the world was originally developed by Francis Galton. Galton had read his half-cousin Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which sought to explain the development of plant and animal species, and desired to apply it to humans. Galton believed that desirable traits were hereditary. In 1883, one year after Darwin's death, Galton gave his research a name: Eugenics. As a social movement, eugenics reached its greatest popularity in the early decades of the 20th century. At this point in time, eugenics was practiced around the world and was promoted by governments and influential individuals and institutions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">There was more to this new ideology, however, than the concern for 'good blood'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Adolph Hitler was always intent on describing National Socialism as a 'Weltanschauung' (a world view) - an all embracing system, encompassing politics, economics, aesthetics and culture, science and technology, and all aspects of society - including the biological basis of the nation state.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSeH81eiUbI/VUfz17n4jTI/AAAAAAAAMhk/OZ0jIOGuo3I/s1600/Linz%2Ban%2Bder%2BDonau%2B-%2BHitler%2B-%2BKubizek%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSeH81eiUbI/VUfz17n4jTI/AAAAAAAAMhk/OZ0jIOGuo3I/s320/Linz%2Ban%2Bder%2BDonau%2B-%2BHitler%2B-%2BKubizek%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Liinz an der Donau</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ever since his adolescent days an Linz, and later, his days of relative poverty in Vienna, Hitler had envisioned, and planned, for a new future for the German people.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dX7ZhRXQRJc/VUf25gmvWEI/AAAAAAAAMhw/dlaZtk9x_EE/s1600/wagner_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dX7ZhRXQRJc/VUf25gmvWEI/AAAAAAAAMhw/dlaZtk9x_EE/s200/wagner_1.jpg" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Wagner</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And while he was admittedly caught up in the enthralling world of Wagner's mythological operas, this did not prevent him from seeing that the future of the German people - and the future of Europe and Western civilization, rested with a thoroughgoing acceptance, and adoption, of the essential principles of 'modernism'.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">That National Socialism is essentially a form of 'modernism' is best demonstrated by the remarkable rise to power of the NSDAP.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 12 years the National Socialist German Workers Party grew from a mere seven members in 1919, to the largest political party in Germany in 1932, when the NSDAP won more than one-third of the seats in the Reichstag, by competing against six established political parties, in free parliamentary elections.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Contrary to popular belief, National Socialism was not an ideology imposed on Germany.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NBHkNBb4y8s/VUk2Uokk1jI/AAAAAAAAMjI/dl2kHTaoUG4/s1600/Weimar%2B-%2BSchiller%2Bhaus%2B-%2B1920%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NBHkNBb4y8s/VUk2Uokk1jI/AAAAAAAAMjI/dl2kHTaoUG4/s1600/Weimar%2B-%2BSchiller%2Bhaus%2B-%2B1920%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weimar</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Though the party never received majority support in free elections (no party achieved a majority during the Wiemar Republic) the NSDAP was legally appointed to power, just like its predecessors had been, and became, between 1933 and 1940, arguably the most popular political movement in the world.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It has been suggested that at the peak of its popularity nine Germans in ten were supporters of the NSDAP.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As A.J.P Taylor concedes, '<i>no political system has been so ardently desired or so firmly supported by so many people as Hitler's was in Germany</i>'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One of the causes of the popularity of the NSDAP was the fact that most of the more prominent leaders of the movement were relatively young men, particularly when compared to other political leaders in Germany, and political figures in other European countries.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This youthfulness of the leadership was seen as emblematic of the essential 'modernity' of the party, and rather than betraying a lack of experience, it promoted the belief that the party as both 'dynamic' and 'forward looking'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g_qyeGANRso/VUk3SwvKjxI/AAAAAAAAMjQ/aeuMQUNKLgM/s1600/Redfront%2B-%2BBerlin%2B-%2B1927%2B-%2BTh%C3%A4lmann%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g_qyeGANRso/VUk3SwvKjxI/AAAAAAAAMjQ/aeuMQUNKLgM/s1600/Redfront%2B-%2BBerlin%2B-%2B1927%2B-%2BTh%C3%A4lmann%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rotfront - Communists</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The other political parities in Germany - even those such as the Communists, which were able to distance themselves from association with the discredited politics of the Kaiserreich - were seen, in contrast, as being led by older men, who were mired in the past.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AawiVV3_lpM/VUpAzw_WO1I/AAAAAAAAMnU/dHhAHbc2H3Q/s1600/Wappen%2BDeutsches%2BReich%2B2%2B-%2BReichsadler%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AawiVV3_lpM/VUpAzw_WO1I/AAAAAAAAMnU/dHhAHbc2H3Q/s1600/Wappen%2BDeutsches%2BReich%2B2%2B-%2BReichsadler%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wappen Deutsches Reich<br />
Reichsadler</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">Kaiserreich is the German term for a monarchical empire. Literally a Kaiser's Reich, an emperor's domain or realm. When the proper term is used without disambiguation, it is assumed in Germany to refer to the German Empire of 1871–1918, during which the large majority of historically independent German states (with the significant exception of Austria) were unified under a single Kaiser.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Of course the key individual was Hitler.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Hitler himself was seen as a modern, youthful and dynamic individual, exemplifying Weber's concept of the '</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">charismatic leader</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jQgjW1b-y88/VUk5K_QsniI/AAAAAAAAMjk/ZPWN09pw7e8/s1600/Max%2BWeber%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jQgjW1b-y88/VUk5K_QsniI/AAAAAAAAMjk/ZPWN09pw7e8/s1600/Max%2BWeber%2B-%2BWiemar%2Bculture%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bdie%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Max" Weber</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: justify;">Karl Emil Maximilian "Max" Weber (German: 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist whose ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research. Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founders of sociology. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: justify;">Weber's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularisation, and "disenchantment" that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity, and which he saw as the result of a new way of thinking about the world.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">The fact is, that Hitler was beloved by the German people, - by the average German who pledged to him an affection, a tenderness, and a fidelity that bordered on the irrational.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: justify;">It was idolatry on national scale.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WcwgvZmaaFU/VUk6bpZLeaI/AAAAAAAAMjw/t6qJnlDtofc/s1600/Ian%2BKershaw%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BHitler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WcwgvZmaaFU/VUk6bpZLeaI/AAAAAAAAMjw/t6qJnlDtofc/s1600/Ian%2BKershaw%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BHitler.jpg" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ian Kershaw</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As Kershaw states, '<i>Underpinning Hitler's unchallenged authority was the adulation of the masses. Large sections of the population simply idolized him</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n3si9PijUnk/VUk7VTb0taI/AAAAAAAAMj4/EEOkHIegJ7I/s1600/David%2BLloyd%2BGeorge%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2B%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-n3si9PijUnk/VUk7VTb0taI/AAAAAAAAMj4/EEOkHIegJ7I/s1600/David%2BLloyd%2BGeorge%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2B%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich.png" width="153" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">David Lloyd George</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And as David Lloyd George said, "I have never met a happier people than the Germans, and Hitler is one of the greatest men. The old trust him; the young idolize him. It is the worship of a national hero who has saved his country."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Hitler, "<i>National Socialism was natural socialism</i>" and in his speeches he equated God with "<i>the dominion of natural laws throughout the entire universe.</i>"</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This idea was attractive, and easily grasped by the German nation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And even today it is a very 'modern' philosophy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RudVB3nOppw/VUk8HlPCZrI/AAAAAAAAMkA/PAxrgAv4rZg/s1600/Rainer%2BZitelmann%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BHitler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="176" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RudVB3nOppw/VUk8HlPCZrI/AAAAAAAAMkA/PAxrgAv4rZg/s1600/Rainer%2BZitelmann%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BHitler.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rainer Zitelmann</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">With regard to this 'modernity', the German historian Rainer Zitelmann, in a recent scholarly study established that Hitler's outlook was "<i>rational, self-consistent, and modern</i>".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One of the main stumbling blocks to a true understanding of this, for us in the twenty-first century, is the fact that Hitler was born a long time ago - in fact on 20th April, 1889.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">While Zitelmann may describe Hitler's outlook as "modern" - he does not mean 'contemporary'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'Modernity', in this case, typically refers to a post-traditional, post-medieval historical period, one marked by the move from feudalism (or agrarianism) toward capitalism, industrialization, secularization, rationalization, the nation-state and its constituent institutions and forms of surveillance.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m8hRwurVkqc/VUk85X7Rv0I/AAAAAAAAMkg/b7M1-GPSLLk/s1600/Charles%2BBaudelaire%2B1855%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m8hRwurVkqc/VUk85X7Rv0I/AAAAAAAAMkg/b7M1-GPSLLk/s1600/Charles%2BBaudelaire%2B1855%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Pierre Baudelaire</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Charles Pierre Baudelaire is credited with coining the term "modernity" (modernité), to designate, initially, the 'fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility art has to capture that experience'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Conceptually, 'modernity' relates to the modern era, and to 'modernism', but forms a distinct concept.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Whereas the Enlightenment (ca. 1650–1800) invokes a specific movement in Western philosophy, modernity tends to refer only to the social relations associated with the rise of capitalism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In art, however, 'Cubism' may be seen as a feature of 'modernity', and yet it began in the first decade of the twentieth century.</span><br />
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JO4CJlLRjJw/VUk9Oic1n_I/AAAAAAAAMko/g7z_2-em1a0/s1600/picasso_analytic_cubism_period_2_portrait_de_daniel_henry_kahnweiler%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JO4CJlLRjJw/VUk9Oic1n_I/AAAAAAAAMko/g7z_2-em1a0/s1600/picasso_analytic_cubism_period_2_portrait_de_daniel_henry_kahnweiler%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cubism - Pablo Picasso</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cubism is an early-20th-century movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of works produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. Variants such as Futurism and Constructivism developed in other countries. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d'Automne. In Cubist artwork, objects are broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Equally the world's first successful controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight took place on December 17, 1903 - a 'modern' event that stirred the imagination of the young, fourteen year old Adolf Hitler.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6pP-1U_9V2s/VUk9s8n-ltI/AAAAAAAAMkw/Sk2a9csf_Rg/s1600/%2Bkitty%2Bhawk%2Bflight%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2Bof%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="161" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6pP-1U_9V2s/VUk9s8n-ltI/AAAAAAAAMkw/Sk2a9csf_Rg/s1600/%2Bkitty%2Bhawk%2Bflight%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2Bof%2BTomorrow%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kitty Hawk - 1903</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Wright Flyer is the first successful powered aircraft, designed and built by the Wright brothers. They flew it four times on December 17, 1903 near the Kill Devil Hills, about four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, U.S. Today, the airplane is exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. The U.S. Smithsonian Institution describes the aircraft as "...the first powered, heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight with a pilot aboard." The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale described the 1903 flight during the 100th anniversary in 2003 as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Hitler was born into a Europe dominated by Empires - some ancient, like the Hapsburg and Russian Empires, and some relatively new, although based on an ancient concept, like the German Empire (founded in 1871 - just 18 years before Hitler was born).</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The Austro-Hungarian Empire - more formally known as 'the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen', was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe, which operated from 1867 to October 1918, following the end of World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, under which the House of Habsburg agreed to share power with the separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire between them. The Austrian and the Hungarian lands became independent entities enjoying equal status.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Das Deutsches Kaiserreich - the German Empire is the common name given to the state officially named Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany, and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Kaiser (Emperor) on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II. The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich, the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">When Hitler was a boy, what later became known as the Soviet Union didn't exist, and Russia was ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, the supreme autocrat of the Russian Empire, who had absolute control over all matters both secular and spiritual.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nicholas II (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias. As with other Russian Emperors he is commonly known by the monarchical title 'Tsar' (though Russia formally ended the Tsardom in 1721). Nicholas II ruled from 1 November 1894 until his enforced abdication on 2 March 1917.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Europe then was a very different place to Europe today, or even the the Europe Hitler came back to after his time in the trenches.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Before he moved to Linz, Hitler grew up in a relatively rural, backward area of Austria.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The population was basically made up of farmers and peasants and, with the absence of mass communications, and relatively poor literacy, the area existed in a kind of 'time-warp', where life carried on much as it had done at the start of the nineteenth century.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Even after Hitler moved to Vienna, and then Munich, he was still living in a world in which only the very wealthy could afford such new inventions as the Gramophone (12" records only became available around 1910), and the wireless (radio).</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UMK0IxAMKwo/VUuLvrWZEgI/AAAAAAAAMpo/eYjPAYEXYew/s1600/HMV%2BGramaphone%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UMK0IxAMKwo/VUuLvrWZEgI/AAAAAAAAMpo/eYjPAYEXYew/s320/HMV%2BGramaphone%2B-%2BNational%2BSocialism%2Band%2Bthe%2BWorld%2BOf%2BTomorrow.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HMV Gramaphone</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">From the mid-1890s until the early 1920s both phonograph cylinder and disc recordings, and machines to play them on were widely mass-marketed and sold.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The disc system (the gramophone gradually became more popular because of its cheaper price, and better marketing by disc record companies. Edison ceased cylinder manufacture in the autumn of 1929, and the history of disc and cylinder rivalry was concluded. Early disc recordings were produced in a variety of speeds ranging from 60 to 130 rpm, and a variety of sizes. As early as 1894, Emile Berliner's United States Gramophone Company was selling single-sided 7-inch discs with an advertised standard speed of "about 70 rpm". One standard audio recording handbook describes speed regulators or "governors" as being part of a wave of improvement introduced rapidly after 1897. History does not disclose why 78 rpm was chosen for the phonograph industry, apparently this just happened to be the speed created by one of the early machines and, for no other reason continued to be used.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Equally film, that great molder of popular culture, was black and white, silent, and short, around the turn of the century</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">On November 1, 1895 Max Skladanowsky and his brother Emil demonstrated their film projector the Bioscop at the Wintergarten music hall in Berlin. A 15-minute series of eight short films, it was the first screening of films to a paying audience in Europe.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N1uI37A2OkE/VUuDJCs1VAI/AAAAAAAAMpQ/-v0vWP4fmHE/s1600/The%2BStudent%2Bof%2BPrague'%2B(1913)%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-N1uI37A2OkE/VUuDJCs1VAI/AAAAAAAAMpQ/-v0vWP4fmHE/s320/The%2BStudent%2Bof%2BPrague'%2B(1913)%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'The Student of Prague'</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Other German film pioneers included the Berliners Oskar Messter and Max Gliewe, two of several individuals who independently in 1896 first used a Geneva drive (which allows the film to be advanced intermittently one frame at a time) in a projector, and the cinematographer Guido Seeber. In its earliest days, the cinematograph was restricted to upper class audiences, however, soon, trivial short films were being shown as fairground attractions aimed at the working and lower-middle class. Film-makers with an artistic bent attempted to counter this view of cinema with longer movies based on literary models, and the first German "artistic" films began to be produced from around 1910, an example being 'The Student of Prague' (1913) which was co-directed by Paul Wegener and Stellan Rye, photographed by Guido Seeber. The first standalone, dedicated cinema in Germany was opened in Mannheim in 1906, and by 1910, there were over 1000 cinemas operating in Germany.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">By thh 1920s, with the rise of the NSDAP, all these modern inventions were developing and becoming more widespread, with the result that society was changing, particularly in the cities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The NSDAP, led by Hitler, was aware of this, and used, wherever possible, the latest developments in modern technology to present themselves not only as a political group in harmony with the times, but also a political movement of the future. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-evTn4vvouHA/VUuEBrouMRI/AAAAAAAAMpY/6-s7ncRLYxc/s1600/1907%2B-%2BHitler%2Bself%2Bportrait%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-evTn4vvouHA/VUuEBrouMRI/AAAAAAAAMpY/6-s7ncRLYxc/s200/1907%2B-%2BHitler%2Bself%2Bportrait%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hitler - Portrait in his LateTeens</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler himself was at the center of the thrust towards the future, and was often referred to as '<i>schöne Adolf</i>' - '<i>handsome</i>' or '<i>beautiful</i>' Adolf.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To many people today, seeing photos and film of Hitler, that may seem incomprehensible, but then we are forgetting how time has changed our perception of beauty.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Take, for example, Charles Chaplin.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Chaplin and Hitler resembled one another, (enough for Chaplin to impersonate Hitler in 'The Great Dictator' in 1940), particularly with regard to the mustache they both favored - which today seems to many to be ridiculous - although it was a fashionable and modern style at the time.</span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qL_-J5-6rzw/VUuMVcdC8yI/AAAAAAAAMpw/s6bYzYLCoYc/s1600/Charlie%2BChaplin%2B-%2BThe%2BGreat%2BDictator%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qL_-J5-6rzw/VUuMVcdC8yI/AAAAAAAAMpw/s6bYzYLCoYc/s320/Charlie%2BChaplin%2B-%2BThe%2BGreat%2BDictator%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Chaplin made 'The Great Dictator' in 1940 as a "satirical attack on fascism" (did he mean National Socialism ?), and is his "most overtly political film". There were strong parallels between Chaplin and Adolf Hitler, having been born four days apart, and raised in similar circumstances. It was widely noted that Hitler wore the same moustache as the 'Little Tramp', and it was this physical resemblance that formed the basis of Chaplin's story. Chaplin spent two years developing the script, and began filming in September 1939. Making a comedy about Hitler was seen as highly controversial, but Chaplin's financial independence allowed him to take the risk. The response from critics was not enthusiastic. Although most agreed that it was a brave and worthy film, many considered the ending inappropriate. Chaplin concluded the film with a six-minute speech in which he looked straight at the camera and professed his personal (left wing) beliefs. The monologue drew significant debate for its overt preaching, and continues to attract attention to this day. It has been identified as triggering Chaplin's decline in popularity.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-if7gi1lHCNc/VUuMg3EwcMI/AAAAAAAAMp4/sYbR7WUcoqY/s1600/Charlie%2BChaplin%2B-%2BThe%2BLittle%2BTramp%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-if7gi1lHCNc/VUuMg3EwcMI/AAAAAAAAMp4/sYbR7WUcoqY/s320/Charlie%2BChaplin%2B-%2BThe%2BLittle%2BTramp%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chaplin - The Little Tramp</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">We now think of Chaplin's 'little tramp' as equally ridiculous and pathetic in appearance, but that is not what people thought who saw the character at the turn of the century, (the 'tramp' was first seen in 1914 in the Keystone comedy, 'Kid Auto Races at Venice') - their perception of the 'tramp' was of a young man who was 'down on his luck' - but a 'good-looking', handsome, one may almost say 'cute' character.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">And in the same way, Hitler, with a similar hairstyle and similar mustache was seen as '</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">good-looking</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">' - hence '</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">schöne Adolf</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">So Hitler came form a world very different from our own, and yet in most respects his 'weltanschauung' appears to be 'modern' - almost contemporary - which is an obvious paradox.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One explanation for this derives from the fact that Hitler lived through what has been described as the 'Watershed of the Epoch' - which he would have remembered as 'der Große Krieg' - the Great War.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was the Great War that effectively divided off the new, 'Modern' epoch of history from the previous 'Traditional' epoch - and it created a paradox in Hitler's thinking and, significantly, in the nature of National Socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This paradox, of course, relates to the complex relationship between 'Tradition' and 'Modernity' which informs the fundamental nature of Völkisch thought and philosophy.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Far from being anti-modernist and anti-technological, National Socialism was dedicated to liberating technology from the “domination of money” and the “fetters” of Jewish materialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k1H1m-eV6SY/VUuM4vgKHPI/AAAAAAAAMqA/PyHLfIdNgh0/s1600/Orthodox%2BJews%2B-%2BVienna%2B1900s%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k1H1m-eV6SY/VUuM4vgKHPI/AAAAAAAAMqA/PyHLfIdNgh0/s320/Orthodox%2BJews%2B-%2BVienna%2B1900s%2B-%2BMein%2BKampf%2B-%2BAdolf%2BHitler.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Orthodox Jews</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“Jewish abstraction” was alien to the “autonomous life element of the German Volk,” whereas 'modernism' and technology was not only in tune with the Volk, but was something around which a whole world could and ought to be constructed - the world of tomorrow.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Technology, therefore, was more than a just material foundation of National Socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was an “independent factor” of a new, dynamic, post-liberal, post-materialist culture.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was the generation that survived the 'Fronterlebnis' (life at the front) - the generation of the NSDAP leadership - that really grasped the idea of 'freedom' inherent in technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism was the product of this generation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But the idea of 'freedom' - from physical labor, and for 'free time' - remained unrealized due to the “<i>domination of a power alien to the essence of technology, that is, the power of money...the Jewish- materialist suffocating embrace [Umklammerung] of our life elements</i>.”'</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The really decisive contribution of National Socialism lay not only in recognizing the “major cause of our misfortune,” but also, and more importantly, in moving to the level of the “<i>decisive deed. . .the act of liberation.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Only “blood” and action would prevail against “the titanic power of money</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism was more than a collection of protests against materialism and the Jews.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Modernist technology as a natural force, was seen as at once as a 'dynamic' and 'passionate' force, which sought a victory of “<i>spirit over matter</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Whereas the Jews destroyed and misused technology, the Nordic race was ideally suited to it.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Technical 'Geist' (spirit) and the Völkisch racial myth would form a common front against Jewish materialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism was dedicated to emancipating technology from capitalist exchange, a goal that bore striking similarities to German engineers own anti-capitalist language.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The protest of the NSDAP was against insufficient rather than excessive technological progress.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this way, Völkisch ideology amounts to an appeal to liberate a 'will' or 'telos', said to be inherent in the forces of production, from restrictions imposed by the existing bourgeois social relations of production.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Removal of the Socialist and Communist parties and the trade unions, dissolution of parliament, and breaking the Versailles restrictions on German rearmament were the practical meaning of such a program.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This conception of the “primacy of politics” was simultaneously a plan for political action, and technological modernization presented as a cultural revolution from the Right.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Significantly, at no time did Hitler join in the hostility to technology found in some völkisch ideologies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">“The Greek Spirit and German Technology.”<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Hitler, the decisive element remained the ideology of the 'will to power', and he went so far as to define Aryan culture as a synthesis of “<i>the Greek spirit and Germanic technology</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler did not write extensively on the subject of technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Albert Speer reports listening to Hitler’s theory of “<i>ruin value</i>,” according to which the purpose of Nazi architecture and technological advance should be to create ruins that would last a thousand years and thereby overcome the transience of the market. (the juxtaposition of permanent technology and evanescent capitalism was an important theme of reactionary modernism.)</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Die Ruinenwerttheorie - (Theory of Ruin Value) is the concept that a building be designed such that if it eventually collapsed, it would leave behind aesthetically pleasing ruins that would last far longer without any maintenance at all. The idea was pioneered by German architect Albert Speer while planning for the 1936 Summer Olympics, and published as "The Theory of Ruin Value" (Die Ruinenwerttheorie), although he was not its original inventor. The intention did not stretch only to the eventual collapse of the buildings, but rather assumed such buildings were inherently better designed and more imposing during their period of use.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Hitler accordingly approved Speer's recommendation that, in order to provide a "bridge to tradition" to future generations, "anonymous" materials such as steel girders and ferroconcrete should be avoided in the construction of monumental party buildings, since such materials would not produce aesthetically acceptable ruins like those wherever possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">By this means, the values of the party would be 'projected' to an almost 'unlimited future'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler's concern with 'modernity' is also reflected in the fact that he was the first political leader of the twentieth century to use the air-plane extensively.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In addition, radio spread his voice, and fast cars sped him over the Reichautobahnen (motorways).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">His conversations with associates, published as the “table talks,” reveal a man fascinated with the details of technology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">His embrace of modern technology as an expression of 'Aryan Will' was fully consonant with rejection of the Enlightenment and the social consequences of the French and industrial revolutions.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Given his outlook, Hitler never feared that a 'modern' Germany would be a soulless Germany.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler’s propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, devoted a great deal of effort to convincing the Germans that their 'souls' were compatible with 'modernism' and technology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr Paul Joseph Goebbels </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Heidelberg University</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dr Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous orations and antisemitism. Goebbels earned a PhD from Heidelberg University in 1921, writing his doctoral thesis on 19th century romantic drama - . he also wrote novels and plays. He became a member of the NSDAP in 1924. He was appointed Gauleiter (regional party leader) of Berlin. Goebbels despised capitalism, viewing it as having Jews at its core. Goebbels rose to power in 1933 and he was appointed Propaganda Minister. Goebbels exerted control over the media, arts and information in Germany.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Goebbels’s speeches on the subject are interesting because they were directed to the general public as well as to engineers and scientists, and thus combined elements of the conservative revolution, romanticism ('Stählerne Romantik'), and völkisch ideology with a cult of technological 'modernism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">For example, in a speech in 1932, Goebbels echoed Hitler’s view that the true politician was an artist whose task was to give form to the “</span><i style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">raw material</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">” of the masses.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the century of mass politics, the political leader must avail himself of the most 'modern' means of propaganda, such as the radio, to encourage “spiritual mobilization” (geistige Mobilmachung).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In March 1933, he assured his audience that he was not “<i>an un-modern man who is inwardly opposed to the radio. . . but a passionate lover of the press. . . theatre. . . radio.</i>”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In his view, the radio should not be used to create an 'illusory objectivity', but to assist in the spiritual mobilization the National Socialist regime was fostering.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Germans, he argued, must learn the primary lesson of World War I: Germany was defeated by deficiencies of the spirit rather than by material deficiencies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“<i>We did not lose the war because our cannons failed, but rather because our spiritual weapons didn't fire</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The radio gave National Socialism unprecedented means for reaching the masses with this message of spiritual revolution.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">From his earliest broadcasts to his last, Goebbels returned to a theme that reflected 'reactionary modernism'.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In November 1933, he first celebrated a “<i>steely romanticism</i>” (stählerne Romantik) that had “<i>made German life worth living again</i>.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This new 'romanticism' did not hide from the “hardness of being”, or dream of escape into the past.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Instead it “heroically” faced up to the problems of modern times, and moved toward the world of the future.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Goebbels often discussed the meaning of 'stählernde Romantik', and his speeches were reprinted in 'Deutsche Technik' (German Technology), a monthly journal published from 1933 to 1942.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One particularly graphic example appeared in the February 1939 issue of this journal. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The cover shows Goebbels delivering a speech, a Volkswagen on one side, Hitler on the other.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The following passage indicates Goebbels’s skill at administering a cultural tradition - what was later referred to as the bureaucratic dispensation of the revolt of nature: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"<i>We live in an era of technology.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>The racing tempo of our century affects all areas of our life.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>There is scarcely an endeavor that can escape its powerful influence.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Therefore, the danger unquestionably arises that modern technology will make men soulless.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>National Socialism never rejected or struggled against technology.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Rather, one of its main tasks was to consciously affirm it, to fill it inwardly with soul, to discipline it and to place it in the service of our people and their cultural level. </i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>National Socialist public statements used to refer to the steely romanticism of our century.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Today this phrase has attained its full meaning.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>We live in an age that is both romantic and steel-like, that has not lost its depth of feeling.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>On the contrary, it has discovered a new romanticism in the results of modern inventions and technology.</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>While bourgeois reaction was alien to and filled with incomprehension, if not outright hostility to technology, and while modern skeptics believed the deepest roots of the collapse of European culture lay in it, National Socialism understood how to take the soulless framework of technology and fill it with the rhythm and hot impulses of our time.</i>”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This is a remarkable condensation of 'reactionary modernist' themes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Over and over again, Goebbels claimed that the cultural crisis German conservatism had feared had been “<i>overcome</i>” by National Socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Filling technology with 'soul' was a practical matter as well.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Volkswagen meant that now modern technology was accessible to the masses, and accessible in a way that spread the “rhythm and hot impulses of our time.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler was an enthusiast of modernism and technical advance.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The reception of National Socialism among German members of the legal and medical professions and engineers also appears to have been enthusiastic, as indicated by the results of student elections at German technical universities in 1933. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">About 41 percent of the 10,000 students at the technical universities voted for the Nazis in student elections compared 48 percent of the 37,000 students at the non-technical universities.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Beyond the campuses, approximately 300,000 people were classified as engineers in 1933, including Germany’s 36,000 architects and 31,000 chemists.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Of this total, around 7,000 belonged to the NSDAP.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In January 1933, party membership stood at 720,000 (of a population of 32 million). </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hence, about the same proportion of German engineers was drawn to membership in the NSDAP as German citizens generally, but less so than white-collar workers and independent professionals.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After 1933, the number of engineers in the NSDAP doubled, but the increase in the other middle-class professions was even greater (about 230 percent).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Only 13.1 percent of the leadership positions in the mid-1930s were held by engineers, compared to 56 percent for lawyers, and 15.5 percent for doctors.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Since their inception, the national engineering associations in Germany had bemoaned their lack of political influence and social prestige relative to the non-technical middle-class professions.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Both the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure(Association of German Engineers, VDI) and the cultural politicians publishing 'Technik und und Kultur' (Technology and Culture) called for a national office of planning for technical development, a 'Staatstechnik', which would coordinate state, industry, and engineering in the interests of the national community.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The overall leadership of the new regime’s efforts at “coordination” (Gleichschaltung) lay with Robert Ley, the director of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF - (German Labor Front), whereas Feder directed the activities of the Reichsbund deutscher Techniker(RDT).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Robert Ley</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF - (German Labour Front) was the National Socialist trade union organization which replaced the various trade unions of the Weimar Republic after Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Its leader was Robert Ley, who stated its aim as 'to create a true social and productive community' (Smelster, 1988). The DAF existed to act as a medium through which workers and owners could mutually represent their interests. Wages were set by the 12 DAF trustees. The employees were given relatively high set wages, security of work, dismissal was increasingly made difficult, social security programmes were made mandatory by the Arbeitsfront, leisure programmes were instituted, canteens, pauses and regular working times were established, and therefore generally the German workers were satisfied by what the DAF gave them in repaying for their absolute loyalty.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Employment contracts created under the Weimar Republic were abolished and renewed under new circumstances in the DAF. Employers could demand more of their workers, while at the same time workers were given increased security of work and increasingly enrolled into social security programmes for workers. The organisation, by its own definition, combated capitalism and liberalism, The DAF prefered to have large companies nationalised by the German state, instead of privately owned companies.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fritz Lang</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Interestingly, the conclusion of Fritz Lang's film 'Metropolis' can be seen as a precursor one of the main concepts underlying the activity of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront with regard to the reconciliation of the interests of the employers and the workers in the German economy. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Metropolis'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The main themes of 'Metropolis' culminate in the final scene on the cathedral steps, where Freder fulfills his role as mediator ("heart"), linking the hands of Fredersen (the city's "head") and Grot (its "hands"), to bring them together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this way Hitler, through the Deutsche Arbeitsfront can be seen as bringing all social classes together in a united purpose as part of the Völksgemeinschaft (community of the people).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang (December 5, 1890 – August 2, 1976) was a Austrian filmmaker, screenwriter, and occasional film producer and actor. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">His most famous films include the groundbreaking 'Metropolis' and 'Die Nibelungen'. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lang was born in Vienna as the second son of Anton Lang(1860–1940),[9] an architect and construction company manager, and his wife Pauline "Paula" Lang née Schlesinger (1864–1920). </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">After finishing school, Lang briefly attended the Technical University of Vienna, where he studied civil engineering and eventually switched to art. In 1910 he left Vienna, traveling throughout Europe and Africa and later Asia and the Pacific area. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1913, he studied painting in Paris, France. At the outbreak of World War I, Lang returned to Vienna and volunteered for military service in the Austrian army and fought in Russia and Romania, where he was wounded three times. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">While recovering from his injuries and shell shock in 1916, he wrote some scenarios and ideas for films.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Not surprisingly, Dr Joseph Goebbels was impressed - and took the film's message to heart.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In a 1928 speech he declared that:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"the political bourgeoisie is about to leave the stage of history. In its place advance the oppressed producers of the head and hand, the forces of Labor, to begin their historical mission".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">ORGANISATION TODT</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">One of the most interesting examples of the amalgamation of 'Modernism' and 'Tradition' was created by the Hauptamt für Technik was the 'Reichsschule der deutschen Technik' (The Reich School of German Technology - NSBDT) on the Plassenburg in Kulmbach, in the Gau Bayerische Ostmark.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">The institution was founded by Fritz Todt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A key task of the Reichsschule der deutschen Technik' was to introduce various disciplines of engineering into the mindset of students so that major construction projects could be tackled 'holistically' - and extremely modern concept in itself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Significantly, rather that construct a new, modernistic building to house the Reichsschule, the architect Siegfried Schmelcher extensively remodeled and refurbished the medieval castle of Plass.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 1939, Todt was elected chairman of the VDI.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">German engineers, including Todt, subordinated their knowledge of technical realities to the demands of National Socialist ideology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the first issue of Deutsche Technik, published in September 1933, Todt wrote that the new “technopolitical journal” would make “German technology into a pillar of the total state” and place technology’s “cultural and spiritual outlook on the foundation of a pure National Socialist world view.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt was able to speak in terms similar to the aesthetic and philosophical themes of the engineers’ traditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For example, the construction of the national highway system would be based on a unified plan, in sharp contrast to the chaos of the Weimar system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It flowed from a unified 'Geist' (spiirit), and represented an 'artistic' effort to give proper form to the German landscape.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Germany’s highways were to be far more than an engineering feat; they must be “an expression of the German essence.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt argued that the “decisive” fact of the era for German engineers was that National Socialism was liberating technology from the “<i>material bonds</i>” that had restricted it for the last half century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here were both an opportunity and a necessity for “<i>total engagement</i>” by engineers in the nationalist revival.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt argued that now politics, not economics, was in command.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aesthetic criteria were displacing the profit motive, and the National Socialists were demonstrating that technology did not consist of dead matter, but of “soulful cultural works” that grew organically from the Volk.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt also stated that there was a specifically National Socialist conception of technology that elevated creativity over materialist considerations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Building the “<i>highways bound to the land</i>” (<i>landschaftsverbundene Strassen</i>) and saving the German soul were mutually reinforcing projects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt’s message was clear:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'<i>The new highways posed no threat to the German Volk.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>On the contrary, they promised to restore the nation’s lost unity'</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Among the accomplishments of the Third Reich regarding technology were a “<i>victory over the elementary,</i>” “<i>overcoming</i>” the threat of Americanization, balancing city and country, and bringing to the surface a uniquely German “<i>surrender</i>” to technology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialist propagandists were administrators of already existing traditions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But they were distinct within the panoply of German nationalism for the emphasis they placed on eugenics, and the 'biological foundations' they gave to German technological advance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They wrote that the Nordic Race had peculiar technical and scientific abilities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Had Germany only been a nation of poets, philosophers, and artists, it would be defenseless.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Fortunately for the Germans, the Nordic race had a distinctive urge to dominate nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Unlike the Americans, or the Jewish-Bolsheviks, the National Socialists was built on German 'racial' foundations to ward off the threats from both capitalism and socialism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For the National Socialists, flying in an airplane, driving in a car, the thunder of the elevated railway, the glowing stream of flowing iron in the ghostly night filled with steel ovens - all of these thing are incomparably more 'romantic' than anything previous romantics could imagine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In this way, Goebbels’s 'steel-like romanticism' was directed against those elements of the romantic tradition that supported a reconciliation with or return to nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There were only two alternatives for the reactionary modernists: effeminate and cowardly escape into the non-Aryan or pastoral past, or masculine and courageous flight into the German world of the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">ECOLOGY and the WORLD OF TOMOROW</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There were other surprisingly 'modern' aspects to National Socialism that were displayed during its brief period in power during the 1930s and 1940s.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">During this period one of the most expensive and effective tobacco movements in history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">While during the 1930s and 1940s, other anti-tobacco movements failed fantastically in other countries, it was taken very seriously in the Third Reich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Smoking was banned in restaurants and public transportation systems, citing public health, and the government severely regulated the advertising of smoking and cigarettes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There was also a high tobacco tax, and the supplies of cigarettes to the Wehrmacht were rationed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Several health organizations in Nazi Germany even began claiming that smoking heightened the risks of miscarriages by pregnant women, now a commonly known fact.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The statistics of annual cigarette consumption per capita as of 1940 had Germany at only 749, while Americans smoked over 3,000.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Heinrich Himmler<br />
Reichsführer-SS</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 1939, the NSDAP outlawed smoking in all of its offices premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then Reichsführer-SS, restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Smoking was also outlawed in schools.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism was also a world leader in matters of ecology and, in fact, far ahead of any country even now, in the twenty-first century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Hitler is was essential to ascertain “the eternal laws of nature’s processes” and to organize society to correspond to them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the National Socialist world view ecological themes were linked with traditional agrarianism , and hostility to urban civilization, all revolving around the idea of rootedness in nature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler discussed, in detail, various renewable energy sources (including environmentally appropriate hydro-power and producing natural gas from sludge) as alternatives to coal, and declaring “water, winds and tides” as the energy path of the future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The two men principally responsible for sustaining this environmentalist commitment in the midst of intensive industrialization were Reichsminister Fritz Todt and his aide, the high-level planner and engineer Alwin Seifert, whom Todt had called a “fanatical ecologist.”</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reichsminister Fritz Todt</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Fritz Todt was “one of the most influential National Socialists,” directly responsible for questions of technological and industrial policy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">At his death in 1942 he headed three different cabinet-level ministries in addition to the enormous quasi-official 'Organisation Todt', and had “gathered the major technical tasks of the Reich into his own hands.”</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Albert Speer</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to his successor, Albert Speer, Todt “loved Nature”, and another source calls him simply “an ecologist.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This reputation is based chiefly on Todt’s efforts to make Autobahn construction - one of the largest building enterprises undertaken in this century - as environmentally sensitive as possible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Todt demanded of the completed work of technology a harmony with Nature and with the landscape, thereby fulfilling modern ecological principles of engineering as well as the ‘organological’ principles of his own era along with their roots in völkisch ideology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialiists stressed the importance of wilderness, and energetically opposed mono-culture, wetlands drainage and chemicalized agriculture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They also “called for an agricultural revolution towards ‘a more peasant-like, natural, simple’ method of farming, ‘independent of capital’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">With such a technological policy, the National Socialists’ massive and modern industrial build-up took on a distinctively ecological quality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The prominence of Nature in the party’s philosophical background helped ensure that more radical initiatives often received a sympathetic hearing in the highest offices of the National Socialist state.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr Fritz Todt</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the mid-thirties Todt vigorously pushed for an all-encompassing Reich Law for the protection of 'die Erde' “in order to stem the steady loss of this irreplaceable basis of all life.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Also in 1933, the concerns of the NSDAP were not only laid with the people, but with the animals native to Germany.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 1934, a national hunting law was passed to regulate how many animals could be killed per year, and to establish proper ‘hunting seasons’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These hunting laws have now been applied in most western countries</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This law was known as 'Das Reichsjagdgesetz', (Reich Hunting Law).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Reichstag also footed the bill for education on animal conservation at Primary, Secondary and College levels</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Additionally, in 1935, another law was passed, the Reichsnaturschutzgesetz (Reich Nature Protection Act).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This law placed several native species on a protection list including the wolf, and Eurasian lynx. Additions were added later as to afforestation, and the humane slaughter of living fish</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Without this law it is likely some species would have completely disappeared from Germany’s forests.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Schönheit der Arbeit</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Several nationwide programs were also initiated to benefit the ordinary German worker.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The first, </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Schönheit der Arbeit (</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Beauty of Labour), was created in 1934 to enhance the concept of a comfortable and pleasant work-space for the German worker.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the following year this ordinance was followed up by a ‘Reich Nature Protection Law’ to ensure the worker could walk through parks in complete safety.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Also, laws were enacted to control air pollution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nothing could be more wrong than to suppose that most of the leading National Socialist ideologues had cynically feigned a hostility to urban culture, without any inner conviction, and for merely electoral and propaganda purposes, in order to hoodwink the public.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In reality, the majority of the leading National Socialist ideologists were without any doubt more or less inclined to agrarianism and anti-urbanism, and convinced of the need for a relative re-agrarianization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The ecologists of the NSDAP was not a group of innocents, confused and manipulated idealists, or reformers from within; they were conscious promoters and executors of a program dedicated to the conservation of nature in accordance with “the eternal laws of nature’s processes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is frequently suggested, however, that the agrarian and ecological currents in National Socialist ideology and policy were in supposed constant tension with, if not in flat contradiction to, the technocratic-industrialist thrust of the Third Reich’s rapid modernization.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">What is not often remarked (what is, again intentionally suppressed) is that even these modernizing tendencies had a significant ecological component.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Industry was brought into balance with 'natural law'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here was National Socialist modernism at work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">For National Socialism the technical age was seen as a practical necessity, but was not celebrated in a 'technical style'; - people had to fulfill their function, but relaxation and distraction were granted; and certain aspects of culture were consciously employed as an escape from a certain aspects of material reality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">In this respect, the National Socialists arrived at a more sustainable lifestyle within 'modern' reality than the supposedly 'pure modernists'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In their openness to compromise in all but their core beliefs National Socialists accepted that the demands of the modern functional age were only bearable if allowance was made for some traditional values and culture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism was immensely popular and politically successful because it acknowledged and tolerated different forces and desires in human beings, thereby avoiding purist extremes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialists' world-view (with their trust in the positive potential of a pure Nordic race), therefore, allowed them to absorb pragmatically a whole variety of impulses of the time, and thereby integrate different important social groups.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialism cannot be understood as 'anti-modern', because it made full use of technology an modernist insights.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is simply not strange or paradoxical to reject certain aspects of 'modernism', and embrace other aspects of 'modernism', including technology at the same time, and it must be understood that National Socialism does not have just one cultural root.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is in many ways an eclectic philosophy, drawing on many different traditions, and reacting pragmatically to the circumstances.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As its attitude towards technology is mainly pragmatic, and it could take many different forms.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Thus National Socialism can be seen as the optimum position with regard to the apparently antagonistic positions of 'modernity' and tradition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As such it was able to take tradition and well as modernism, transforming both in many ways, and dynamically project this new synthesis into the future.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #b45f06;">this section is under construction - please be patient</span></span><br />
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-90276232982520953812014-03-16T16:56:00.001-07:002015-05-02T02:59:44.608-07:00Die Zukunft des Westens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If an understanding of history implies an understanding of the present and a feeling for the future, then the work of the historian Arnold Toynbee is of great importance, for from his study of civilizations, and with the help of some of Oswald Spengler's insights, it is possible to construct a model of history that is fully in accord with scientific methodology, and which predicts the future of the West.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Oswald Spengler</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arnold Toynbee</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Toynbee, from a study of twenty-eight different civilizations, identified certain features which he claimed were common to all civilizations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These features include a 'Time of Troubles', schism in the body social, a 'Universal State', and a 'Universal Church'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Toynbee, a civilization arises from either a physical or a social challenge, that is, civilization is man's successful response to a particular geographical or social challenge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If the challenge is geographical, then the civilization is, as a rule, unrelated to any other, while, if the challenge is social (usually resulting from the disintegration of a previous civilization), then the new civilization is related to an older one.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pyramids of Gizeh</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example, the Egyptian civilization arose in response to the physical challenge of the Nile River Valley, and was wholly unrelated to any other civilization, while the Western arose from the challenge of new ground and the disintegration of the Hellenic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each civilization declines, and produces what Toynbee called a 'Universal State'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This state, which is usually an Empire, heralds the end of the 'Time of Troubles', and lasts for approximately 400 years.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For instance, the Universal State of the Hellenic civilization was the Roman Empire (31 BC - 378 AD), and its 'Time of Troubles' from the second Peloponnesian War (431 BC) until the establishment, by Julius Caesar, of the Empire.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Julius Caesar and Empire</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Toynbee defines a civilization in such a manner that it possesses the identification mark of a state of society in which there is a minority of the population, however small, that is free from the task, not merely of producing food, but in engaging in any other of the economic activities, e.g., industry or trade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Those free to create art, science, and philosophy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> However, Toynbee's study of history, which took over forty years to complete, has been attacked by a number of historians for widely differing reasons.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet all of Toynbee's critics attack him for personal, not historical, reasons.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Like Collingwood, they object to Toynbee's approach simply because they do not personally believe that history should be approached in such a way.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Their criticism and approach is hardly scientific.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contrast, one has only to axiomatize Toynbee's conception of civilization, constructing thus a model in accordance with the scientific method, to realize how revolutionary it is.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sir Isaac Newton</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Darwin </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If Toynbee's study is seen as a scientific model with, like all scientific models, postulates and predictions, then it is quite clear that Toynbee has done for the study of history what Charlse Darwin did for biology and Newton for physics.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Any scientific model or theory must be logically consistent, employ the minimum of postulates, and give predictions, which are capable of verification by either observation or experiment.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For instance, Newton used his theory of gravity and his three laws of motion to predict the motion of Halley's comet and to predict that the Earth (and the other spinning planets) would be slightly flattened in shape.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All his predictions were verified by observation, and his theory of gravitation, for instance, has been not only confirmed by such verifications but used to predict with great success the orbits of satellites and other spacecraft.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The method of testing a theory by appeal to predicted observations has become the basis of modern science, and there exists no reason, other than a stubborn prejudice, why it cannot be extended to the less empirical areas of knowledge such as the study of history.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In his study of civilizations, Toynbee has found similarities in both overall structure and in detail, and if one approaches his work scientifically, the only questionable element is the criteria used to define a civilization.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, if the model of a civilization derived from Toynbee's analysis is logically consistent (as it is), employs the minimum of postulates (as it does), and gives predictions not only concerning the future but (more importantly, from a strictly scientific point of view) also the past, then the criteria Toynbee has used to define civilization must be accepted if the predictions are verified by observation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To do otherwise is to reject the scientific method, and with it all of modern science. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Axiomatically, Toynbee can be stated as: civilizations admit of a morphology, that morphology being inherent in a civilization by its nature; within each civilization there exists a creative minority who give the impetus to the continuing challenge facing a civilization.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The concept of the creative minority need not concern us here since it in no way affects the predictions that result from Toynbee's model or theory.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Regarding the future, the model predicts: Beginning of the Western Universal State in the 21st Century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This Empire should last well into the twenty-third century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Further, it is possible to deduce from the model not only the nature of this Empire of the West but also how and where it will be created.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, before this is done it is necessary to consider the work of Spengler, whose insights into the nature of what he termed cultures enable the scientific model of history to be completed in detail.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Spengler, each culture has a distinguishing '<i>Gott-Gefühl'</i> (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">god-feeling), or '</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Seele</i>' (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">soul), which is unique to that culture.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Decline of the West (German: Der Untergang des Abendlandes), or The Downfall of the Occident, is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler, the first volume of which was published in the summer of 1918. Spengler revised this volume in 1922 and published the second volume, subtitled Perspectives of World History, in 1923. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The book introduces itself as a "Copernican overturning" operating as a paradigm shift involving the rejection of the Eurocentric view of history, especially the division of history into the linear "ancient-medieval-modern" rubric. According to Spengler, the meaningful units for history are not epochs but whole cultures which evolve as organisms. He recognizes eight high cultures: Babylonian, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian, Mexican (Mayan/Aztec), Classical (Greek/Roman), Arabian, Western or "European-American." Cultures have a lifespan of about a thousand years. The final stage of each culture is, in his word use, a 'civilization'.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This soul expresses what we, following Toynbee, would say was the response of that culture to its particular challenge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Outwardly, this soul is represented, according to Spengler, by the culture's art, science and mathematics.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the West, for instance, this soul can be said to be expressed by Goethe's Faust 'a will to power, or a questing for what is new and unknown'.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and politician. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him are extant. </span><span style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A literary celebrity by the age of 25, Goethe was ennobled by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, Carl August in 1782 after first taking up residence there in November of 1775 following the success of his first novel, 'The Sorrows of Young Werther'. He was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus Spengler calls the West the 'Faustian culture'; for him, the Faustian soul is evident in the supreme art of the Gothic cathedral, with its vaulted arches seeking to represent the infinite. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German historian and philosopher of history whose interests included mathematics, science, and art. He is best known for his book 'Der Untergang des Abendlandes', published in 1918 and 1922, covering all of world history. He proposed a new theory, according to which the lifespan of civilizations is limited and ultimately they decay. He wrote extensively throughout World War I and the interwar period, and supported German hegemony in Europe. His other writings made little impact outside Germany. In 1920 Spengler produced Prussiandom and Socialism (Preußentum und Sozialismus), which argued for an organic, nationalist version of socialism and authoritarianism. Some National Socialists held Spengler as an intellectual precursor.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Further, each culture is subject to metamorphosis: From Spring through Summer and </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Autumn and then, finally, Winter, when comes the megalopolis, the second religiousness and the Age of Caesarism, which finally decays.</span></div>
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Spengler</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For Spengler, the term civilization is reserved for the late stage of a culture, its Winter, when pure art has become tawdry, the product of the mass as opposed to the elite.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this stage, heroism has succumbed to the power of money.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The common man has precedence.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When one compares the work of Spengler and Toynbee, large areas of agreement are found. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What differences appear turn out to be, in fact, difference of terminology and approach.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example, Spengler's 'second religiousness' is identical to Toynbee's 'Universal Church', and the advent of of 'Caesarism' is Toynbee's 'Universal State'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Each analysis enriches the other - Toynbee concerns himself mainly with historical events and the people involved in them, while Spengler approaches his cultures mainly through their art, philosophy and science.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, one difference does exist between the two approaches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This concerns what Spengler actually means by culture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since our objective is to produce a model of history that is in accord with scientific methodology, it is necessary to consider again what the identification mark of a civilization, and how a civilization, as defined by Toynbee's definition, might be said to possess what Spengler has termed a soul (or, if one prefers, a distinctive style).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once this is done, we shall be in a position to finally formulate a model of history to explain the rise and fall of civilizations; a model that will enable not only a detailed understanding of the West to be achieved but will also show what its future will be.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">HE FAUSTIAN SPIRIT</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The ethos of the West has been described as Faustian, and to understand the West and its future, it is important to understand why it is called the Faustian civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western civilization is affiliated to the Hellenic.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Heidegger</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From the Greeks derive, as Nietzsche, Heidegger and many others have realized, the values which created, and gave inspiration to our civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The legal system, for instance, derives from Roman Law, whose own inspiration was the Greeks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In art, the debt is even clearer.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michelangelo</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For Example, the Renaissance in Europe was Hellenic in character, and it is no coincidence that artists like Raphael (1483-1520) captured the classical splendour of the body in painting just as Michelangelo (1475-1564) did in sculpture.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western art, at its best, is classical insofar as it represents that physical splendour, that purity and nobility associated with the Greeks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet this is not to say that the ethos or <i>spirit</i> of the West is a copy, an <i>imitation</i> of the Hellenic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the spirit of the West makes itself most manifest in two areas-indeed, one can go so far as to say that these two areas identify the ethos of the West.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Raphael - 'Galatea' - Detail - 1506</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Michelangelo - 'David'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They are <i>science</i>, and the practical application of science as<i> technology</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western science is essentially the search for <i>truth</i>, and its method lies in finding ways of discovering that truth by <i>observing</i> the patterns and processes of Nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, for science, truth is what is observed, not what is <i>presupposed</i> or <i>assumed by belief</i>, as in religion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this respect for facts lies, perhaps, the greatest <i>liberation </i>any civilization has ever known. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Technology rests on science - and science, as we know it in the West depends for its very existence on a certain political freedom.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only when the West, through people like Galileo, broke the <i>dogmatic chains </i>of the Church was free experiment, and thus science, possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Science, with its emphasis on experiment and fact, freed the Western civilization from <i>superstition</i> and the tyranny of ideas, and it is no coincidence that the greatest achievements of science occurred when the dogmatic authority of the Church no longer ruled men's lives.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The search for truth which created modern science derives, however, from another trait peculiar to the West: the desire for <i>exploration</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western civilization is characterized by this desire for exploration.</span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mx2qScUPKGY/UyojatoNz_I/AAAAAAAALtA/QFncmo4_Rs4/s1600/Soviet+Space+Program+Poster+1+-+Soviet+Culture+and+Society+-+Russian+Revolution+-+USSR+-+Soviet+Union+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mx2qScUPKGY/UyojatoNz_I/AAAAAAAALtA/QFncmo4_Rs4/s1600/Soviet+Space+Program+Poster+1+-+Soviet+Culture+and+Society+-+Russian+Revolution+-+USSR+-+Soviet+Union+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="200" width="124" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other civilizations have <i>conquered</i>, for power or wealth, but no other civilization, except our own has <i>explored</i> the world (and latterly the planets and space itself) purely out of <i>curiosity</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This burning desire to know what is over the sea, and under it, this energy is, above everything else, the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No other civilization has produced men who climbed the highest mountain just 'because it is there' - no other civilization has produced men who sailed across great oceans just to see what was on the other side, and no civilization has produced men who ran, swam, cycled or walked over a measured distance as fast as they could just to see if they could do it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But perhaps the greatest and surely the most noble expression of the truly Faustian <i>will-to-knowledge</i> is <i>space-travel</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Space-travel exemplifies the West because space-travel successfully combines the three elements that are so ineluctably Western: <i>Science, technology, </i>and <i>the desire to know</i>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">IMPERIUM OF THE WEST</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> According to Spengler '<i>At the beginning, where Civilization is developing into full bloom (today), there stands the miracle of the 'Cosmopolis</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It draws within itself the being-streams of the now impotent countryside, - human masses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here, money and intellect celebrate their greatest and their last triumphs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the form of democracy, <i>money has won</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There has been a period in which politics were almost its preserve.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But as soon as it has destroyed the old orders of the Culture, the chaos gives forth a new and overpowering factor that penetrates to the very elementals of Becoming - the Übermensch. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Before them money collapses.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Imperial Age in every Culture alike, signifies the <i>end </i>of the politics of mind and money.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The powers of the <i>blood,</i> unbroken bodily forces, resume their <i>ancient lordship</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Race springs forth, pure and irresistible - the strongest win.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Imperium of the West would be imposed, from its European country of origin, first by force of arms and then by force of <i>Destiny</i> on its neighbours.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Imperium would have its spiritual origins in the Nordic civilization whose ethos bore a clear resemblance to the Hellenic.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pagan Runes<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This return is not one to the schism of Christianity, but to the <i>paganism</i> which existed in the West before its introduction, and which was partly absorbed by Christianity, as a force which shaped men's lives, before it was destroyed by the Church.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This return, however, will not be <i>slavish imitation,</i> nor the recreation of long dead rituals and forms.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2sVXi1Pmrlo/UyompnMYe7I/AAAAAAAALts/0VFYsk2PQA4/s1600/Asgard+-+Nordic+Mythology+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2sVXi1Pmrlo/UyompnMYe7I/AAAAAAAALts/0VFYsk2PQA4/s1600/Asgard+-+Nordic+Mythology+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Valhalla</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instead, it will be a resurgence of the attitude that gave rise to the Nordic civilization and which brought about the myths of Valhalla, Odin and Thor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It will possess, as a guiding force, the same power that drove the Norsemen.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LO2P6a5vB8Q/UyonAi53cHI/AAAAAAAALt0/q1N53HY6yj0/s1600/Odin+-+Nordic+Mythology+-.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LO2P6a5vB8Q/UyonAi53cHI/AAAAAAAALt0/q1N53HY6yj0/s1600/Odin+-+Nordic+Mythology+-.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Odin<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That this will be so is because Christianity does<i> not</i> now represent, nor has ever represented, the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In its origin, Christianity is, as both Toynbee and Spengler have shown, a product of what Toynbee called the <i>Babylonic civilization</i> and Spengler the <i>Magian</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christianity, in its approach to life and the world, is essentially <i>Judaic,</i> and stands in complete contrast to the Hellenic, as Nietzsche made quite clear in his 'The Anti-Christ': '<i>Christianity robbed us of the harvest of the culture of the ancient world</i>'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MCkGSsvBiqc/Uyonp2idxPI/AAAAAAAALt8/IahI2Xhx0rg/s1600/Johann+Kluska+-+(1904+-+1973)+-+Golgatha+-+1933+-+Great+Art+-+Religious+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MCkGSsvBiqc/Uyonp2idxPI/AAAAAAAALt8/IahI2Xhx0rg/s1600/Johann+Kluska+-+(1904+-+1973)+-+Golgatha+-+1933+-+Great+Art+-+Religious+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> 'Golgatha' - 1933<br />
Johann Kluska - (1904 - 1973)<br />
digitally restored<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What the West has achieved - its science, technology, and its conquest - has been achieved not because of Christianity, but <i>in spite of it</i>, and anyone who sees Christianity as somehow essential to the West, or as part of its ethos, has <i>completely misunderstood</i> what Christianity is, and what is the true ethos of the West.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However tame Christianity may have become in most of the West, it is essential to realize that as an attitude of life Christianity is the <i>antithesis</i> of all that is <i>healthy, noble </i>and<i> instinctive</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christianity exhorts the virtues of the <i>slave-meekness</i>, <i>forgiveness, </i>and <i>guilt </i>- and even in its ultimate symbol, the crucified Christ, is a symbol of <i>rejection of life.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contrast, the Western spirit, exemplified by the Nordics, rejoices in <i>life </i>and in its<i> vitality</i>.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EOYqjRKqQ90/UyorEsoUyjI/AAAAAAAALuI/_fHOsHAephs/s1600/Space+Ship+-++V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EOYqjRKqQ90/UyorEsoUyjI/AAAAAAAALuI/_fHOsHAephs/s1600/Space+Ship+-++V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="145" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spaceship</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Its symbol is driving energy - the prow of a Viking ship, the spacecraft hurtling into space. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christianity, for the West, must vanish.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tfblgvMxRT4/UyosDeToXMI/AAAAAAAALuQ/xidvYCnVbcA/s1600/Viking+ship+-++V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tfblgvMxRT4/UyosDeToXMI/AAAAAAAALuQ/xidvYCnVbcA/s1600/Viking+ship+-++V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="147" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Viking Ship</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is by its very nature <i>incompatible</i> with a Western Imperium, whose goal is <i>conquest</i>, first of Europe and then of space itself.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For only this latter form of conquest, with the technological development that would result, will provide a challenge sufficient for the Western spirit and enable that Faustian child, technology, to grow to full maturity.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The conquest of space, the colonization of planets in our system and other star systems, will be the official expansionist policy of Imperium, and will create its own myths, its own epic poetry as well as producing - because of the nature of the challenge - the </span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><i>Übermensch</i></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This <i>Übermensch</i> will have his origins in the struggle to create Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His philosophy of life will be similar to that expounded by Nietzsche in his 'Thus Spake Zarathustra', and his practical fulfilment will be in the institutions and organizations the New Order of the Imperium will create in order to carry through its policies of not only external conquest but also <i>upward breeding </i>to ensure <i>quality</i> as well as <i>nobility.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The paganism of the <i>Übermensch</i> will not be the destructive type beloved of Christian writers, but will instead be a new Zeitgeist - a Zeitgeist that functions within the framework of the New Order.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The values of this New </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Order will not be 'inhuman', but most certainly will be <i>anti-humanitarian, </i>in the sense that the Greeks and Romans were anti-humanitarian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Without these new values, there can be no Western Imperium just as, for instance, the Roman Empire would not have been possible but for an <i>unconscious emulation</i> of earlier Greek values (witness Virgil's attempt to make them more conscious in his Aeneid).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The New Order, and all we have said above concerning it, follows naturally from a 'Time of Troubles' it is a consequence of all the forces acting within the civilization, and in this sense may be said to be the Destiny of the West, for the Empires of all higher civilizations derive their impetus from an earlier part of their civilizations' history.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Their forms exist in embryo early in their history and, in regard to the West, Spengler was able to perceive this clearly.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the New Order of Imperium may never exist, despite being the Destiny of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It may never be more than an institution in most, or a vision for a few, because the West has been gradually undergoing, in its ethos, a transformation whose consequences may forestall the creation of Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All higher civilizations hitherto have ended in an Empire whose ethos derived from the ethos which gave rise to that civilization itself.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The West, however, has been subject to a process of <i>distortion</i>: a distortion, or <i>deformation</i> of its ethos, that no other higher civilization, before the onset of its Universal State or Empire, has been subject to.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This <i>deformation</i> has already changed the imperative of the West, and even Spengler, for all his insight, saw aspects of the deformation as what he assumed to be the logical outcome of the West's metamorphosis.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">deformation of the Faustian soul </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">or ethos has occurred on two levels-the spiritual and cultural separated in time by some eight hundred years.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the spiritual level, the West has been <i>deformed</i> by the religion of Christianity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The West is not ready for the old age that sometimes follows an Imperium, and to which a world-negating religion is more suited.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The West should be full of <i>vitality,</i> sure of itself and its mission, as the Roman Empire at its best did, the <i>youthful instincts</i> of honour, duty and valour.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christianity has made the West <i>prematurely old</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the cultural level, the deformation is even less well understood - that is, hardly at all, although some of the effects of this deformation have attracted attention.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This cultural deformation amounts to a<i> revolution</i> in Western Art, aesthetics, literature, music, and thought, and it is already undermining science as well as contributing to the decline of the quality of life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This deformation, moreover, is <i>increasing</i>, and its only possible outcome will be to forestall the creation of a Western Imperium, creating in its place another type of Empire, world-wide in scope, whose ethos would be violently opposed to the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To see why this is so, it is necessary to examine in detail the nature of this cultural distortion as well as explain why it is a distortion of the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">THE DISTORTION OF THE WEST</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Outwardly, the distortion of the West was obvious by 1848 - the year of the publication of the 'Communist Manifesto' by Marx and Engels, and the 'year of revolutions' in Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Communism that was given form by Marx is, in spirit, at variance to the Faustian ethos. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism, of whatever form, be it derived from Trotsky, Rosa Luxemburg, or Marcuse, transforms what the German philosopher Heidegger calls 'geist' - <i>spirit</i> to mere intelligence, it emasculates it: - </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Europe lies in a pincers between Russia and America, which are metaphysically the same, namely in regard to their world character, and their relation to the 'spirit'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In all its implications, the <i>materialism</i> that has come to dominate the present century, and which is exemplified by America, does<i> not</i> differ from Marxism or socialism - both represent, despite outward appearance in terms of the type of government, the <i>same</i> approach to the 'spirit' or ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Both emasculate that 'spirit', as Heidegger well understood.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For Marxism is not, as Spengler assumed, the logical outcome of the Faustian will-to-power: rather, Marxism is the <i>ultimate contradiction</i> of the Faustian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It returns the spirit to earth, to material concern, and reduces everything to that which is <i>common</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is totally <i>opposed</i> to the 'heroic idealism', which is one of the Faustian qualities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The concern of the Faustian is more 'will-to-knowledge', more <i>mastery</i> through the use of a myth or mythos, which is at once both <i>numinous</i> and <i>archetypal</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism has never been, and can <i>never</i> be, 'numinous' in the sense that Goethe's Faust is numinous, or Nietzsche's Zarathustra.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism, by its very nature and aims, seeks to<i> destroy</i> what is numinous and archetypal - as, for example, in art, where everything is <i>reduced</i> to either political propaganda or 'social realism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism, is based on the <i>lowest common denominator</i>; the ethos of the West seeks to<i> raise </i>everything up to a <i>higher level</i> through <i>conquest, exploration </i>and the<i> challenge of knowledge</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism, and, of course, the Communism which derives from it, uses for its own benefit, Faustian technology and techniques - but <i>only</i> as a means.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is <i>never</i> imbued with the slightest trace of Faustian ideals.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The whole of the philosophy of Heidegger - as well as the earlier one of Nietzsche - is a <i>revolt </i>against the <i>material distortion</i> of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It represents a desire to return to the 'numinosity' which, for Heidegger, is captured in poetry, and, for Nietzsche, in a <i>revaluation of all values</i>, in a new type of man.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Practically, this amounts to the difference between <i>acting</i> and <i>thinking</i> instinctively, with the <i>blood</i>, and acting from a position of materialism, with cerebral intelligence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The former is Faustian, the latter is what Spengler described as Magian - indeed, the last possible metamorphosis of the Magian soul.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is no coincidence that this Magian way of thinking is best exemplified by the precepts contained in the Babylonian Talmud - for the origins of the Magian ethos lies in the Babylonic civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The most important religion of that civilization, as Toynbee showed, was <i>Judaism</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet the distortion of the West is much<i> more</i> than the distortion of Marxism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the realm of music, it is the atonal, or 12-tone system of Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) the triumph of supposedly 'clever' intelligence over that Faustian will, which found its most numinous expression in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, its most dynamic in Beethoven, and its most expressive (as a premonition of Imperium, perhaps) in the music of Wagner and Richard Strauss.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the realm of thought, the distortion is expressed in the psychological theory of Freud (1856-1939) with its emphasis on sexuality and<i> materialism</i>, as well as in the <i>positivist</i> theories of Carnap, A. J. Ayer, and Thomas Kuhn.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Art has been <i>distorted</i> - <i>moved away</i> from the Hellenic-derived respect for<i> physical beauty</i> - by movements such as<i> abstract art</i>, <i>Dadaism</i>, and the '<i>Pop Art'</i> of Warhol and Segal, and the 'Nouveaux Realistes' of Klein.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aesthetically, these movements have <i>eroded </i>the<i> vitality</i> of the Faustian, and destroyed with their <i>cults of ugliness</i> the beauty inherent in Western art; they have replaced spirit with mere <i>childish experimentation</i> and <i>anarchy</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They are completely<i> lacking</i> in any positive values whatsoever.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It cannot be denied that the movements in art mentioned above, the theories of Freud, Carnap, Ayer, and others, the atonal music of Schoenberg and his followers, as well as Marxism in its many forms, have <i>significantly changed</i> not only the cultural orientation of the West, but also (as witness Marxism) the societies composing the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of Schoenberg, for instance, it has been said: 'Schoenberg has exercised a far-reaching and profound influence on the music of the twentieth century, not only through his compositions but also through his work as a teacher and his intellectual stature as a philosopher and interpreter of his age.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Furthermore, several new studies (often erroneously described as 'sciences') have come to <i>dominate</i> Western life, both within institutions of learning and without.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The cumulative effect of these studies has been to <i>change</i> the course of the West, since the people most affected by them - those in institutions of higher education - tend to come to dominate the educational life of the West, its media and the cultural sphere in general by virtue of the positions of authority and control obtained through their educational opportunities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a consequence, social changes have resulted from both government policy and non-governmental pressure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A new 'Zeitgeist' has arisen, and a consensus of opinion created and maintained throughout all the societies of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These new studies - apart from being but complementary to Marxism and the psychological theories of Freud and Adler - are sociology, social anthropology, social studies, and linguistics. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Some of these movements or studies have as their aim <i>direct political action</i> of a <i>revolutionary </i>kind.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of the Marxist ideas of Marcuse it has been said, by an established British philosopher: 'the ideas of Marcuse and the Frankfurt school have come to dominate some Social Science Departments in various universities in Europe, and through them to have a continued and important influence on some of the most intelligent young people of the West.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sociology is regarded by sociologists as having its origin in the work of Emile Durkheim. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Durkheim's work was further developed by his nephew Marcel Mauss.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Social anthropology began with the work of Franz Boas and was developed by his student Ruth Benedict.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It flourishes today under the guidance of Levi-Strauss.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Levi-Strauss draws very heavily on Durkheim, Marx, and Freud - his <i>Marxism</i> only makes sense if we see it as highly Durkheimianized, and his Durkhemian <i>positivism</i> only if blended with something from Marx.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All the rest is Freud.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Linguistics derives from Boas, Bloomfield, and, more recently, Noam Chomsky.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of Chomsky, it is generally said that 'he speaks with unrivalled authority'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From these studies have come others - like 'race relations' and 'women's liberation.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prominent among the latter are Betty Freidan and Bella Abzug.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All these subjects, movements, and schools, as well as the so-called 'liberation movements' that derive from them have profoundly changed the spirit of the West, and profoundly altered both its inner and outer structures.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, the ethos of the West has been changed over a period of some one hundred and fifty years from a <i>dynamic</i> Faustian <i>assertiveness</i> to a <i>neurotic guilt,</i> and an <i>obsession with sexuality, materialism, </i>and<i> change</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That this change has occurred is no coincidence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What all these movements and theories have in common, apart from the fact that they all, directly or indirectly, contradict the ethos of the West, is their <i>common origin</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They are all the creations of Jews - the last representatives of the decayed Magian soul. Marxism, with its <i>apocalyptic visions</i>, is a modern manifestation of Judaism, just as: the theories of Freud represent the <i>Jewish concern with sexuality</i> (evident in the Talmud26).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jews themselves understand this.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">people gave more to its political ideas than the Jews.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even the 'counter-culture' of the sixties and early seventies, which did so much to change the ethos of the younger generation by spreading among them the ideas of anarchism, drug abuse, and pacifism, owes its origins to Jews, such as </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, and Marcuse. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Among the leading representatives of this 'drug and pop culture' were Allen Ginsburg and Abe Hoffman.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That all these movements are a distortion of the ethos of the West is evident if one considers, not only what was representative of the West before these movements began, but also what kind of art, philosophy, and politics should have been produced by the natural process that transforms a higher civilization into an Imperium (for the West, from about 1900). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fundamentally, there is a transition from <i>money-based politics</i> to<i> force politics,</i> under the aegis of Empire builders like Cecil Rhodes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These men, while they may differ in many things, are united insofar as they represent quite deliberately the <i>conquering </i>and<i> civilizing spirit </i>that is one of the marks of the Imperium to come.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That is, they are foremost men who have undergone what Toynbee called 'withdrawl and return' and because of this character-building process they are possessed of <i>charisma</i> - like Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemillianus in the time before Caesar.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such figures are also<i> heroic</i>, in the Homeric sense.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, after a few of these men had arisen, there was in the West a return to </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">money-based politics </i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and the creative minority who provide the impetus for advance for every civilization became </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">neurotic</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and <i>guilt-ridden</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Instead of 'Caesar-men', the West produced what Colin Wilson has called 'Outsiders' - creative people whose spirit has suffered a <i>distortion</i>: 'Our civilization', says Wilson, 'has grown steadily closer, in its everyday life, to the Marxian attitude. That is why we are producing Outsiders.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For a higher civilization, this transition period before the beginning of Imperium is marked, in art, by a short period of natural decline after what Nietzsche called the Dionysian breaks out and overtakes the purity and serenity achieved, by the artists of that civilization, of the Apollonian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the West, this Apollonian form was achieved in music by J. S. Bach, while in the later Mozart (K385, The Haffner and K551, The Jupiter) the Dionysian passion that marks the music of Beethoven is already evident.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After Beethoven, music could never be the same - in his music there is suffering, strife and reconciliation, whereas in Bach there is purity, purpose and an ordered image of the cosmos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is with Beethoven that the person 'his condition and emotions' come to the fore, before the cosmos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Man, after Beethoven, is no longer for music simply an aspect of the gods.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He is an <i>individual</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With Bruckner there is the natural return to the Apollonian, and the concern with <i>timelessness </i>and the <i>cosmic</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But this return of Bruckner is a <i>personal</i> return, the aspiration of the individual toward the cosmos through the instrument of music as in Bach.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the master, Wagner, this personal attempt to reconcile the Dionysian and Apollonian reaches it climax - the attempt to fuse, through, the projection of the archetypal images in operatic form (Siegfried as<i> Hero</i>, Hagen as <i>shadow</i>, etc.) the<i> personal</i> and the<i> divine</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This attempt does not entirely succeed, however, despite the sublimity of the music, and the grandeur of the story of 'The Ring', because Wagner used the form of the Opera.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As an art form, opera was already dying by Wagner's time - it no longer spoke, with the fire of passion, to the people - only to a segment of them.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This segment (mostly bourgeois) was already living with the trappings of decadence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moreover, Wagner's attempt, through his 'Music Drama', could not entirely succeed because it was too early.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The epic poetry capable of both moving and involving the audience did not exist. Such poetry (and such a union </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">of the divine and man as Wagner wished to achieve through his music) are possible today, at the beginning of Imperium - and are only possible today.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This epic poetry involves the struggle to create Imperium - the battles, the aspirations, the victories, and the defeats.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only this struggle possesses, for the West at this moment of its history, the power to inspire as Homer's 'Iliad' inspired the Greeks and Virgil's 'Aeneid' the Romans.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because of this, only such epic poetry has any meaning for the West - all other poetry, of whatever style and dealing with any other theme, is worthless.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The fact that no such epics are being created now is clear evidence of how distorted the art of the West has become.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, not only are there no such epics celebrating those who struggled to uphold the Faustian values and who lived and died upholding the values that will create Imperium, but there are no attempts to express these values or their spirit in any form of art.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is, in short, nothing that anticipates the Art of Imperium (as it should be anticipated at this time) as Johann Froberger and Frescobaldi anticipated Bach.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are only the merest intimations of this in some of the music of Ligeti - but nothing that should parallel the beginnings of Imperium, with the possible exceptions of Orff, Richard Strauss and Pfitzner, whose impact is purely Faustian, bursting with joy and full of the energy of the creators of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is, instead, atonality, serialism, the influence of the Negro and the anarchic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These certainly are not expressive of the transition of the art of music from a 'Time of Troubles' to an Imperium - they bear no resemblance at all to the supreme music of Beethoven, the <i>numinosity</i> of some of Sibelius, or the music of Vaughn Williams.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But above all, the music that today dominates the West – represented on the one hand by the Negro-influenced 'pop' and so-called 'rock music', and on the other hand the cerebral banality of electronic noise in which Stockhausen excels - does not reach toward the future with an originality based firmly on tradition and with a new insight that is both numinous and accessible. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The new music that heralds Imperium is neither the preserve of a few very clever and self-indulging critics, nor totally at variance with the whole tradition of Western Music, from its beginnings in Gregorian chant to the great symphonic writing of Beethoven.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is significant about this distortion is that the technology of the West, as well as its more material resources, have been harnessed not only to propagate all aspects of the distortion but also to root it so firmly in the soil of the Western psyche that what is truly Western has very little chance of surviving at all, so chocked would its flower be by these weeds.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These influences which have so profoundly changed the attitude of the West and so drastically changed its art are all decadent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By 'decadent' we mean spirit as a <i>mere tool</i> in the service of others: - a tool the manipulation of which can be taught and learned.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Whether this use of intelligence related to the regulation and domination of material conditions (as in Marxism), or in general to the intelligent ordering and explanation of everything that is present and already posited at any time (as in positivism), the spirit as intelligence becomes the impotent superstructure of something else.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is lacking in intelligence is the <i>numinous</i> - that quality which art at its very best expresses. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The process of intelligence dominating spirit in this way - the origin of the decadent in art and philosophy - is usually the fate of an Imperium, not the transition to an Imperium from a 'Time of Troubles'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What moulds the creativity during this transition (and well into the Imperium itself) is the <i>image </i>of the civilization's <i>past</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This gives</span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> form</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">authority</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> to the Imperium and its institutions - it is the channelling of the <i>spirit </i>or ethos of the civilization into the forms and images appropriate to Imperium and in art becomes not a constriction but a<i> new challenge</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, before the Roman Empire, the vigour and imagination of Ennius (239-169 BC) had given way to the image of the past (The Greek) achieved by Lucretius (98-55 BC) in his 'De Rerum Natura'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finally, there is Virgil (70-19 BC) whose art captures the 'Destiny of Rome', and makes possible the Imperial advance, rooted as it then was in the Greek past.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An expression similar to Virgil's should exist in our time, and in those art-forms which the West has created.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only such art-forms, which express by the very fact of their creation in our civilization, part of our ethos, </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> possess the ability to inspire on a large scale, the people of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such artforms are <i>film, music of a symphonic kind</i>, and <i>painting</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Primary among these is the artform of the <i>film</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An expression of the past of the West and a numinous intimation of the future (Imperium) should exist in these art-forms - particularly in<i> film</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Film is one art-form that could successfully realize Wagner's dream of the 'Music Drama' and Scriabin's Mysterium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Scriabin hoped to create a type of music which, when joined with colour and fragrance, would <i>unite man with the gods</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, in film there is only (and always has been since the very creation of the medium) entertainment, intellectual cleverness, social realism, and obsession with sexuality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is <i>nothing </i>mystical in the sense of looking back to the achievements of the West, or a looking forward to the triumphs of Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is nothing vital which possesses the <i>nobility </i>and<i> purity</i> we associate with the Greeks - nothing which attempts to<i> inspire</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No positive, Western ideals.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the whole history of the art-form of the film there have only been three attempts - three attempts out of the thousands of films which must have been made.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The history of the film - the most valuable art-form the West has created - affords sufficient evidence of both the distortion of the ethos of the West and the way the creations of the West have been used as instruments of the distortion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, of all the art-forms indigenous to the West, the film is the one where those champions of everything material against everything Faustian - the Jews - have the most <i>direct control</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus even 'The Times Literary Supplement', a much respected journal, could say: 'Hollywood was founded by a band of buccaneering Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The film has become, thanks to this control and and influence, a medium for those values which the Jews have foisted upon our civilization - the values represented by Marxism, sociology, positivism, obsession with sex, and the racial inter-mixing that derives from the dogma of social anthropology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One exception to all this is the very early, silent film of D.W. Griffiths, 'Birth of a Nation' (1912). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, no one has even attempted to use the film in the manner Wagner conceived for his 'Music Drama' or Scriabin his 'Mysterium'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Only in Japan have films been made as they should have been made in the West - the films of Kurasawa (Seven Samurai, Kagemusha, etc.) express the ethos of Japan beautifully, and are masterpieces of the art-form.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nothing comparable to them exists in the West to express the Western ethos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The distortion of the West we have been discussing was recognized, poetically, by T. S. Eliot. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His 'The Waste Land' shows the poverty of Western society in Eliot's time.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet his poetry remains <i>pessimistic</i>, providing neither a solution nor an understanding of the forces which produced that poverty in the first place, and as such<i> cannot</i> be Faustian poetry.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It lacks the feeling for life - the joy of life - that is Faustian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Further, for all his insight into the spiritual decay of the West, for all his brilliant style, Eliot found comfort (cf. 'The Four Quartets') in Christianity - that contradiction par excellence of the ethos of the West.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">THE DEFINITION OF CIVILIZATION</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It has long been recognized that one of the attributes of a civilization is its art.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another may be said to be the deeds of the people.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For instance, the Hellenic society produced a type of art that we describe as classical, and this art is very different from, say, that of the Japanese.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When we look at a Greek vase, we are aware of a Greek style, just as when we study a painting by the Japanese artist Sesshu, we are aware of a different style.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While it is possible for a non-expert to confuse Japanese and Chinese art of approximately the same period, studying a painting my Mi Fei (1051-1107 AD), would attribute it to any Western or Hellenic school of art.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His 'Misty Landscape' is ineluctably Chinese, not because it used the technique of brush and ink, nor even because of the type of scenery depicted, but because it is representative of a certain style which was unique to China (and from there transported to Japan).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This style flourished in China during the Sung Dynasty (9601278 AD).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The art of any society is shaped not only by the techniques and technology of the time in which the artist lives but also by what we may term the ethos of the age in which he finds himself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This ethos is what holds communities together, and part of its expression involves not only a belief in the Destiny of that community but also a myth or story concerning the origin of that community itself as, for example, for the Greeks, in the story of Homer's 'Iliad', or, for the Japanese, the Shinto belief of Divine origin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Often, however, the most obvious externalization of this community bonding is language.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This ethos, which binds communities, is perhaps best exemplified by the attitude of the people composing the community or communities towards the world - more particularly their religious orientation or view of the world.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the Greeks, this orientation encompassed two views: what Nietzsche, in his 'Birth of Tragedy', described as 'Apollonian and Dionysian'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Both of these attitudes are truly representative of the Greeks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The former may be said to have manifested itself in sculpture and the other arts, while the latter is evident in both the festivals (such as the great Olympic Games) and the Greek mastery of the craft of war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As representative of the Apollonian we have the great sculptor Praxiteles of Athens; while perhaps the greatest representative of the Dionysian spirit was Alexander, the Macedonian King.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> What we understand as the Hellenic ethos arose from the tension and interplay of these two opposites - the Hellenic joy of life, their enjoyment of physical beauty, their awareness of man as almost divine, their passion for both thought and war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All these form the identification mark of the Hellenic civilization - a mark so evident in their art, philosophy and conquest.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A study of other civilizations shows that of the twenty-six listed by Toynbee only eight possess what we have termed this identification mark - that is, they possess an ethos which is not only distinct (and represented by art and philosophy) but also clearly possess that bifurcation of identification.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This bifurcation - the clash of apparent opposites - may be said to be the force which creates great art and philosophy, and its effects are easily recognizable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the Japanese civilization, for instance, this bifurcation, by the writer Yukio Mishima, has been called 'Sun and Steel'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By philosophy is meant a unique way of observing man and his relation to the cosmos.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A philosophy is not a religion; a religion implies a set of principles, usually dogmatic, which are laid down and usually become unalterable articles of faith.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contradistinction, a philosophy is essentially the product of thought and is subject to dispute; it relies on understanding or wisdom and not, like religion, on revelation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But perhaps the most crucial distinction between them is one of attitude - a religion predetermines thought and action while a philosophy seeks to describe reality (and man) via thought.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For this reason, Buddhism, like Taoism, is considered to be a philosophy and not a religion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Those civilizations, as defined by Toynbee, that are the result primarily of a physical challenge and which produce a distinct philosophy we may term 'higher civilizations.'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These 'higher civilizations' - the only ones to produce a philosophy - possess what we, following Spengler, may call a soul: that is, a distinctive ethos resulting from a bifurcation of identity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For example, his Magian culture is not designated a higher civilization because it is not the result of a physical challenge (it resulted from the social challenge of the disintegrating Syriac civilization) and never produced a philosophy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What Spengler called the Magian soul is not original or distinct in the sense that, say, the Hellenic or Japanese are distinct.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Magian owes much to both the Babylonian and the Hellenic, and Toynbee even gives the Magian Imperium as Syria - the Arab Caliphate, 640-969 AD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spengler, in defining the Magian, seems to have confused two civilizations - the Syriac and the Islamic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This detail in no way diminishes Spengler's analysis of the Hellenic or Western civilizations, and we shall retain his term 'Faustian' to describe the ethos of the West.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The seven higher civilizations - the Sumeric, Egyptiac, Hellenic, Indic, Sinic, Japanese, and Western-enable a scientific model to be constructed, a model which enables the future of the West to be determined as well as an understanding of the forces involved to be achieved.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All the higher civilizations end in Empire - as will the West, whose Imperium will not only be global in scale but should, due to the technology the Faustian will-to-power has created, extend into space.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">CHRISTIANITY AND IMPERIUM</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Few would dispute the Jewish origins of Christianity, although there would be many who would dispute the Nietzschean claim that, despite pagan influence, Christianity has remained essentially Jewish in spirit - an expression, like Judaism, of the Magian ethos, just as Marxism is Magian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From Judaism have come two religions: Christianity and Islam.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It's third and latest child has not been a religion but an ideology: Marxism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Nietzsche, '<i>In Christianity all of Judaism attains its ultimate mastery as the art of lying in a holy manner. The Christian is the Jew once more</i>.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Christianity, as explained earlier, supplanted the Hellenic values and thus distorted the West. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to Nietzsche, '<i>The Jews are the strangest people in world history - out of themselves they created a counter-concept to natural conditions: they turned religion, cult, morality, history, psychology, one after the other, into an incurable contradiction to their natural values</i>.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even today the Christian can feel anti-Jewish without realizing that he himself is the ultimate </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jewish consequence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Marxism, sociology, and all the long etcetera of Jewish grown studies like Freudian psychology, all <i>distort </i>natural values, and reduce everything to the most <i>basic and base.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the West to create Imperium it is necessary for it to replace the god-feeling Christianity with one born from the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This feeling would, as outlined above, be essentially pagan and involve a return to the idealism exemplified by <i>heroism</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As Kenneth Clarke has said: '<i>suppose that this quality, which I may call heroic, is not part of most people's ideas of civilization. It involves a contempt for convenience and a sacrifice of all those pleasures that contribute to what we call civilized life. It is the enemy of happiness. And yet we recognize that to despise material obstacles, and even to defy the blind forces of fate, is man's supreme achievement.</i>'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such an attitude contradicts the materialism rampant in the West, and is <i>incompatible</i> with Christianity and every other manifestation of the Magian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Western reaction which is to come - and which must come if Imperium is to be created - will be unmistakably a reaction against both Christianity, and the decadence and materialism of the Magian.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This reaction and return to older and truly Western values (rooted as they are in the Hellenic) will be turned into a fruitful resurgence with the coming of the Übermensch, the one who avenges. He, and he alone, will be instrumental in creating Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Übermensch</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> is the creative force whose response to the challenge of Western decline and distortion will inspire and make possible the Imperial advance and the creation of a New Order. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Imperium he founds will, in time, expand far beyond the boundaries of the Earth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the Übermensch, the materialism of capital and the materialism of Communism will have ended, and a New Order will arise.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Übermensch is the <i>Destiny of the West,</i> and the force that will create Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That this is so is not in doubt, as the model of higher civilization has been the creation of such a figure - the West - will be no exception.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What will be unique to the West, however, is the manner in which Imperium will, and must be, created because of the distortion the ethos of the West and, consequently, the societies of the West have suffered.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Übermensch can only create Imperium by force of arms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Übermensch, the creator who avenges, must come.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He is a natural force, like lightning and sun, and he is awaited not only by those of the West who yearn for the nobility and purity the New Order will create, but also by those, like the representatives of the Magian who, consciously or unconsciously, uphold and propagate ideas and values contradictory to the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These representatives of the Magian - be they Jews or those upholding Magian values against Western ones - fear him, for they know that his emergence dooms them and the world they hope to create.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Their world would be one where Magian values and ideals - like Communism ruled, where everyone was <i>levelled down,</i> and where those who did not conform, in thought, word or deed, would be broken by the techniques created to pacify.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Already this kind of terror exists.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However much the Übermensch may be the Destiny of the West, Imperium will only be created by those prepared to fight and die for it: the opponents of Imperium and the New Order will use every means at their disposal to maintain the power and influence they have, and there will and must be a great deal of suffering and death on both sides.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Imperium cannot simply be thought or wished into existence - it has to be fought for, and its </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> creation will demand the type of heroism immortalized by the battle of Thermopylae, where Leonidas and his few hundred Spartans held out until death against the whole army of Xerxes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such heroism would return that <i>spirit </i>essential to Imperium, and enable both a <i>spiritual </i>and an <i>artistic</i> renaissance of a magnitude unsurpassed by any previous civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In contradistinction to the destruction of personality which is the inevitable outcome of all forms of socialism and Marxism, the New Order of Imperium would, because its ethos would be genuinely Western, ensure the greatest possible diversity of personality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, once travel in space became commonplace (as it would under the New Order, where Western energy and inventiveness are channelled to Western goals), an era of individualism unique in the history of the civilizations would occur.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This era, by its nature (colonization of planets and star-systems) would also ensure the survival of Western civilization beyond the normal four-hundred year span of Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Were anti-Western forces to triumph (as they might, given the slothful character of much of the West and its nearly total absorption of Magian ideas), then the civilization of the West will have failed through its own weakness.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The triumph of the Magian would mean the end of civilization, a rapid decline followed by a period of barbarism and terror far greater than any known hitherto.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An <i>interregnum</i> of several thousand years would result as a consequence of the costly experiment - a period without any recognizable civilization; no art, little technology, and certainly no science.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In short, anti-Westernism would have negated with its triumph and the inevitable collapse over four thousand years of evolution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It would have tried to eradicate the two things on which civilization depends - individuality and challenge.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The choices available to the West are not choices over any parochial form of politics or between contenting states.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is only the choice between Imperium and its New Order and the triumph of the Magian. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All other conflicts are <i>meaningless</i> and doomed to vanish.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One is either for the Imperium-idea, or against it; there is no longer any possibility of a middle-way. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">THE RESURGENCE</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It seems at first singularly unfortunate that an examination such as we have conducted (a rational and non-political examination, it should be noted) between the effects of the Faustian and the Magian souls on the West during its transition toward a Universal State or Imperium, should today be anathema, insofar as the majority of the peoples of the West are concerned. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">That this is so, however, is natural - given the extent of the distortion that has occurred and which we have briefly uncovered.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet there is one aspect of this distortion, above all others combined, which makes this possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This aspect we would most assuredly seek to avoid were we seeking the approval of those in authority, who have a vested interest in the triumph of the Magian because their positions depend on their acceptance of or acquiescence in the Liberal/Socialist notions prevalent in the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This aspect has been avoided almost without exception by other writers, like Heidegger, who have understood the drift of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To avoid this aspect, however, is impossible, for on its correct evaluation the Destiny of the West depends, and without an understanding of this aspect it is impossible to visualize, let alone fight for, the Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This aspect is, of course, National Socialist Germany.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Socialist Germany stands condemned today on three counts.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First, that Hitler and the Philosophy of National Socialism were responsible for the extermination of some six-million Jews during the years </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1942-1945;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Second, that Germany was directly responsible for the Second World War.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Third, that National Socialism is simply 'evil'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler, after 1933, enjoyed the support of at least 80% of the German people; he was far more popular among his people than any leader in the so-called democratic countries has ever been. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was greeted with spontaneous enthusiasm wherever he went. National-Socialist Germany was not a parliamentary democracy, and it never pretended to be one.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All the National-Socialists asked was that Germans put the interests of the volk and their country first; only if someone acted against the German interest was the force of law invoked. This meant that decadent activities were forbidden; crime was dealt </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> with severely.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National-Socialist state was of the kind that Greeks would have understood and admired, and National-Socialist Germany was, in essence, the re-creation of the type of society found in Athens during the period of Athenian greatness.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Careful research by historians such as Werner Maser and Dietrich Orlow, among others, is gradually changing the accepted picture of National-Socialist Germany and the rise to power of the NSDAP.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These researchers show that National-Socialist Germany had no intention of going to war at all. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this question of German aggression and the origin of the Second World War, the consensus among historians is gradually changing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, according to Professor Harry Elmer Barnes, the Allies were more responsible for the war than Germany, and recent evidence, bears this out.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of Hitler, Dr. Norman Stone had said: 'when the march to war started, quite often it was Hitler's opponents, and not Hitler, who began the various crises; Hitler clearly did not want war in September 1939 with the British and the French; and when war began, Germany got on by bluff and improvisation until 1942-1943.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler did not even mean to bomb London, and when he did, it was because he wanted to retaliate against the British, who had bombed Berlin first.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The idea of Germany bent on conquering Europe, with Germans part of one vast war machine, is an invention of Allied war propaganda, and no historian today takes it seriously.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler simply wanted all Germans to be part of one state; the Versailles Treaty of 1919 cut Germany in two by the creation of the Polish Corridor, and took from Germany land to create a part of a new state called Czechoslovakia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The British government, urged on by world Jewry, who had declared war on Germany in 1933, saw a strong Germany as a threat.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to weaken Germany, and to strengthen its own hand in Europe, it formed alliances with Poland and France.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was, in effect, these interfering alliances which brought about the start of the Second World War.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In its relation to what we have called the ethos of the West, National-Socialism, from its very beginnings in Munich in 1919, stands as an embodiment of that ethos.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National-Socialism was a resurgence of basically Faustian values over and above the cultural dominance of the Magian, and were it not for the three myths listed above, their impact and consequences, there is no shadow of a doubt that the followers of this particular world-view would today be near the creation of the Western Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Everything about National-Socialism confirms this: its vitality, the <i>Spartan joy</i> of its followers, its attitude to all forms of degeneracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National-Socialism represented the one <i>serious attempt</i> to come to terms with the process of distortion; it urged a<i> return to Western values</i>, and it is no coincidence that National-Socialist Germany chose as its official sculptor <i>Arno Breker</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Breker worked from Nature, and his inspiration was<i> Greek</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His 'Dionysis' is perhaps the greatest sculpture since Michelangelo.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler was a type of Caesar-figure, and his achievement in obtaining power (he was totally unknown as a politician in 1919) through his <i>will-power </i>and <i>charisma</i> is an astonishing achievement, as even his detractors are forced to admit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The modern world has seen nothing like it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even today, nearly forty years after his death, he continues to exert an <i>enormous attraction</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For nigh on forty years the world's writers have been pouring out their amalgam of lies and half truths about the Hitler.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Socialism, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, was an attempt to <i>restore,</i> within the body of a modern state, the values of <i>heroism</i>, <i>individuality</i> and above all the healthy virtues exemplified by the <i>Hellenic civilization</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was the<i> triumph of spirit </i>over intelligence - spirit is expressed by a <i>healthy body</i> and a <i>noble attitude</i>; intelligence resides in clever books and the people who make them their occupation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National Socialists enjoyed life, not ideas and books.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This whole attitude was <i>foreign </i>to the majority of the peoples of the West, reared as they had been in <i>decadent societies,</i> where cleverness was elevated above everything else, where spirit came second to mere intelligence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We find it difficult to admit that National Socialist Germany embodied the concept of a civilization bearing<i> no </i>relationship at all to our own.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And yet it was just that, and nothing else, that justified this war, one of the very few known to history in which the cause at stake was really vital.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was essential that one of the two opposing visions of man, Heaven and Earth, the humanist or the magical, should triumph.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coexistence was out of the question, although one can well imagine Marxism and Liberalism coexisting, because they are based on the same kind of ideas, and belong to the same Universe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As it was, the Faustian vision was defeated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In general, therefore, we may conclude that National Socialism was an expression of Faustian resurgence and nothing is more indicative of the influence of the Magian ethos, and nothing shows the power of those representatives of this ethos par excellence, the Jews, better than the fact that National Socialist Germany perished after only twelve years of existence because of a war that neither Hitler nor the German people wanted.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This war resulted in the <i>enslavement</i> of half of Europe to Communism, <i>destroyed </i>the British Empire, and left the world <i>divided</i> between the materialism of America and the materialism of Soviet Russia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1945 was a<i> turning point</i> for our civilization; the old values which created the West and which inspired the National Socialist movement began to disappear from the hearts and minds of Europeans.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pride of <i>nation</i> and<i> race</i>, respect for<i> tradition </i>and <i>family</i>, the honour paid to craftsmen - all these and many more became lost under the deluge of<i> crass materialism</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All Western values were<i> inverted</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Women, who had been a figure of <i>chivalrous respect</i> for many centuries, became objects of <i>artificially created sexual desire</i>; mass pornography began to flood the media.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The German nation (and Europe) that had fought to the music of Beethoven and Wagner was replaced by the Germany pollute by Negro 'jazz'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nothing provides more evidence for the distortion of the ethos of the West than the fact that National Socialism, Adolf Hitler, and Germany, have been subject to a massive propaganda campaign centring around the accusation that National Socialist Germany was responsible for the extermination of some six million Jews.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The sickness of some of this propaganda is incredible and says more about those who created it than anything else.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This propaganda, some aspects of which we have touched on very briefly, has achieved astounding results, and the sheer fact that it has been believed by the vast majority says something both about the weakness of the West and the power of the propagandists.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">People have only to think for themselves, or investigate the real facts of history, to see the propaganda for what it is: the brainchild of a minority totally opposed to Faustian values, ideals and goals.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This propaganda has hypnotized several generations, and all but paralysed their will to resist the inverted values of Marxism and its brotherhood of degeneracy.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This propaganda has made everything anti-Western acceptable: Negro Music is preferred to the Western tradition of 'classical', the literature of Dante, Goethe, and the Icelandic Edda is replaced by the neuroticism of Kafka, and the modern disposable novel whose plot revolves around money and sex.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, even Western folk music has become corrupted.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No longer does it preserve folk traditions; instead it is the preserve of a minority dedicated to pacifism, racial degeneracy, and crypto-Marxism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This propaganda has allowed the West to become dominated by the psychology of the Magian - the psychology of Freud, Fromm, Klineberg, and Maslow.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This psychology has defined National Socialism and similar expressions of the Faustian ethos, as perverted.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">People who uphold National Socialist views are, therefore, sick and require 'treatment'. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">According to this view, anti-Jewishness, for instance, is based more largely upon factors in the subject, and in his total situation than upon actual characteristics of the Jew.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This inversion is not only clever in Heidegger's sense, it also totally inverts reality: the psychological idea of the causes of anti-Jewishness come before any knowledge of Jewish actions or the facts of history.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It cleverly does away with everything that might contradict the theory, and has paved the way for the acceptance, in the West, of the ideas of racial equality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What could not be achieved through propaganda (for there would always be some who would perceive the truth), could be achieved through terror - by the suppression of National Socialism. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, this terror would be in the name of 'humanity' or 'human rights' - these terms would be sufficient to justify anything, as they did during and after the Nuremberg Trials.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many Western states have gone further and made it illegal, a criminal act, to uphold or propagate National Socialist views.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The acceptance of the dogma of racial equality (a creation of the Magian doctrines of sociology and social anthropology) has led many states to pass legislation making it illegal to incite racial hatred: that is, to criticize the crypto-Marxist policy of racial integration, whose ultimate result can only be the creation of a docile, racially mixed mass who, with their acceptance of all the 'benefits' of racial integration.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The West in general has become besotted by the pursuit of material well-being and 'entertainment', and its people so brainwashed by the dogmas of sociology and social anthropology that they, under the guidance of their 'leaders' are allowed to fight for, and in the name of, the decadence of the present and a Magianinduced vision of the future where 'world-order' reigns for the benefit of some abstraction called 'humanity'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the name of this 'vision', and the 'harmony and peace' which allegedly goes with it, most of Europe has surrendered its national sovereignty through the European Economic Community and NATO has accepted the destruction of its people through racial intermixing.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National and racial differences are still acceptable - provided they are harmless or contribute somehow to entertainment or that twentieth century disease, 'tourism'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The people of the West - the descendants of the Vikings, Saxons, Franks, Romans, and Angles - the Aryans - have allowed this to happen.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They have allowed National Socialism, and similar expression of their own spirit to be <i>denigrated </i>and <i>smeared</i> and made to appear, through propaganda as 'evil'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They have accepted the liberalism and the socialism which will<i> destroy</i> them and their civilization, and they have <i>acquiesced</i> in decadence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They have allowed the Magian ethos to dominate the West, and have accepted in place of a <i>vital, noble, healthy</i>, and <i>expanding culture</i> true to its spirit of conquest, the fossils of the past and the <i>degeneracy of the present</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Under the present regime of magian ideas, the only alternative to capitalism is socialism and Marxism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Both are decadent according to the ethos of the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To pretend that National Socialism or Adolf Hitler is not important for the West is absurd: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Socialism cannot be ignored, and any movement, political or </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">otherwise, which has as its aim the creation of a Faustian Imperium, will never succeed as long as it ignores the importance of this philosophy for the sake of temporary and, finally, illusory gains.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler is as central to Imperium as Caesar was to the Roman Empire, and while the founders of the Imperium may not call themselves National Socialists, or use as their symbol the swastika flag, they will nevertheless be the <i>heirs</i> of National Socialism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this bond lies the key to the creation of Imperium.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Philosophically, National Socialism represents the <i>revaluation</i> wished for by Nietzsche - a return to Nature (the <i>physis</i> of the Greeks) as an unfolding in the sense of the pre-Socractics. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heidegger's philosophy is another expression of this, and it is no coincidence that Heidegger <i>never renounced</i> his National Socialist affiliations, despite the many attempts to coerce him. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such a returning is a return to the <i>dynamic paganism</i> that pre-dated Christianity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But National Socialism is much <i>more </i>than a philosophy, a way of thought: It is a <i>way of life</i>, concerned with practical realities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It recognizes the harmony that exists through a <i>unity of man with nature,</i> and which is exemplified in one way with the yeomen or small-holders who earn their living from the land and who are thus attuned to the rhythms of rural life, and who are aware of natural change and struggle.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Socialism is founded upon the basic realization that man is part of, and subject to, the laws and processes of nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He is not above it, although he can, providing he works with these laws, change it to a certain extent.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhaps the most fundamental example of this, for man, is race: the recognition of not only difference and differing aptitudes between races - but also of individuals in each race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is in National Socialism a desire to <i>preserve identity</i>, to foster <i>quality </i>over and above quantity, as well as encourage, through individual responsibility, the diversity which alone ensures <i>cultural creativity</i> and thus<i> civilization</i>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Science has demonstrated the <i>reality</i> of racial differences, particularly with respect to intelligence, and the ability to create <i>higher civilizations</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The dogmas of Marxism and sociology, insisting as they do on equality of races, stand violently <i>against</i> this most fundamental truth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Through and because of such identity (and the pride which is part of it - a pride which is never 'hate', as the propaganda of the Marxists and their sociological allies would have us believe) there arises in both society and civilization, a<i> harmony</i>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In music, for instance, as in architecture.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is, in a society founded in these <i>natural values</i>, a <i>beauty of form</i>, but above all a<i> vitality </i>that strives to add to a civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such a society is itself <i>harmonious </i>because it is built upon common identity - that is, race - and common traditions - that is, nation - and not upon a cosmopolitanism which destroys the rootedness in the past so essential for health and vitality and which, through its racial diversity, encourages mediocrity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There exists in such a harmonious society a </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">nobility of life</i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, something impossible in a materialistic society and unrealisable through cosmopolitanism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Goals are <i>natural goals</i>, not artificial ones created through material desire to sell goods or commodities, as in capitalism, or ones created by an abstract ideology and abstracted social forces, as in Socialism and Communism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The goals of National Socialism are founded on <i>archetypal symbols,</i> which have as their origin the <i>aspirations of a race</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For the Imperium that is yet to come, the numinous symbol grounded in the aspirations of the West is the conquest of outer space.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Imperium has to be created, by struggle, and cannot merely be wished into existence.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For Imperium to be created in the West, it will first be necessary to destroy the myths about National Socialism which the propaganda of the Magian had foisted upon us.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Until this is done Imperium will not be possible.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">to be continued</span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-59116565663758757272014-01-31T13:17:00.001-08:002015-09-29T06:24:07.730-07:00Ludwig Fahrenkrog - Völkischen Künstler<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">LUDWIG FAHRENKROG</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Völkischen Künstler</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Das Geheimnis der Runen<br />
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Guido von List </blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Neopaganism in Germany and Austria has been strongly influenced by the occultist Germanic mysticism pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels in the 1890 to 1930 period.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Guido von List Society was founded 1908.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Guido von List (October 5, 1848 – May 17, 1919) was an Austrian/German (Viennese) poet, journalist, writer, businessman, mountaineer, hiker, dramatist, playwright, and rower, but was most notable as an occultist and völkisch author who is seen as one of the most important figures in Germanic revivalism, Germanic mysticism, Runic Revivalism and Runosophy in the late 19th century and early 20th century.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">He is the author of 'Das Geheimnis der Runen' (The Secret of the Runes), which is a detailed study of the Armanen Futharkh, his intellectual world-view (as realised in the years between 1902 and 1908), an introduction to the rest of his work and is widely regarded as the pioneering work of Runology in modern occultism</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theozoologie<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Adolf Josef Lanz aka Jörg Lanz, who called himself Lanz von Liebenfels (July 19, 1874 – April 22, 1954), was an Austrian publicist and journalist. He was a former monk and the founder of the magazine 'Ostara', in which he published völkisch theories.</span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As a student of Guido von List, Lanz further expanded his theories; other influences included Otto Weininger, of whom Lanz was a fervent follower.</span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1904, he published his book 'Theozoologie oder die Kunde von den Sodoms-Äfflingen und dem Götter-Elektron' ("Theozoology, or the Account of the Sodomite Apelings and the Electron of the Gods") in which he glorified the "Aryan race" as "Gottmenschen" ("god-men"). Theozoology could also be classified as a work encompassing what has now come to be called cryptozoology. </span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Germanische<br />Glaubens-Gemeinschaft</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other early groups influenced by List were the Deutschgläubige Gemeinschaft (1911), the Germanenorden (1912) and the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (1907).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The contemporary term Deutschgläubig for these movements may be translated as either "German Faith", "Teutonic Faith" or in the more archaic usage of Deutsch as "folk belief". </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Several of these groups came together in 1933 forming an Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Deutschen Glaubensbewegung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Nordic" religion embraced the native religion of the Nordic race, rejecting Christianity on grounds of being a foreign ("Semitic") intrusion</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts<br />
Alfred Rosenberg<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This branch is the closest to later "folkish" Germanic neo-paganism, postulating that a people's native religion is based on a "racial soul".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The political approach as represented by Alfred Rosenberg which rejects religiosity in favour of pure völkisch political ideology.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (12 January 1893 – 16 October 1946) was an early and intellectually influential member of the NSDAP. Rosenberg was first introduced to Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eckart; he later held several important posts in the Third Reich. He is considered one of the main authors of key concepts in National Socialist ideology, including racial theory, Lebensraum, abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, and opposition to "degenerate" modern art. He is also known for his rejection of Christianity.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Mathilde Friederike Karoline Ludendorff (born Mathilde Spiess on October 4, 1877 in Wiesbaden–died June 24, 1966 in Tutzing) was a German teacher and psychiatrist. She was the second wife of General Erich Ludendorff – he was her third husband – and a leading figure in the Völkisch movement, where she was known for her esoteric ideas. Together with Ludendorff, she founded the 'Bund für Gotteserkenntnis' (Society for the Knowledge of God), an esoterical society of Theists.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog and his Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft represent a specifically Germanic approach within the "Nordic" group.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog (20 October 1867 – 27 October 1952) was a German writer, playwright and artist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was born in Rendsburg, Prussia, in 1867.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He started his career as an artist in his youth, and attended the Berliner Königlichen Kunst Akademie (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berlin Royal Art Academy) before being appointed a professor in 1913.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He taught at the </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Schule für Kunst und Handwerk (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">School of Arts and Crafts) in Bremen from 1898 to 1931.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was also involved in the founding of a series of völkisch religious groups in the early 20th century, as part of a movement to create what its adherents referred to as a Germanische Glaubensgemeinschaft (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Germanic religious community).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fahrenkrog was trained in the classical tradition, and had a successful artistic career.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He became a professor of art in 1913.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1928 he received first prize at the Großen Palast (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Grand Palace) exhibition in </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">München (</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Munich).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His style, however, is more dependent on Art Nouveau and Symbolist influences than on the classical tradition.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lucifer's Lossage von Gott' - Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In an article on Fahrenkrog's work, Marcus Wolff points to "<i>his insistence on the religious nature and mission of art.</i>"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The "<i>religious mission</i>" in question is the revival of the pre-Christian Germanic faith and the rejection of Christianity, which is hinted at in paintings such as 'Lucifer's Lossage von Gott' (Lucifer's Renunciation of God, 1898).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While Fahrenkrog's work can be seen in the context of contemporary art movements, it was also strongly influenced by his participation in the religious movement taking place at the same time.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Fahrenkrog and the Germanische Glaubensgemeinschaft</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first group started by Fahrenkrog was the Deutscher Bund für Persönlichkeitskultur (German League for the Culture of the Personality), which also supported a publication called 'Mehr Licht !' ("More Light !", the famous last words of Goethe).</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and polymath. His body of work includes epic and lyric poetry written in a variety of metres and styles; prose and verse dramas; memoirs; an autobiography; literary and aesthetic criticism; treatises on botany, anatomy, and colour; and four novels. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters, and nearly 3,000 drawings by him are extant.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was also involved with the Deutsche Religionsgemeinschaft (German Religious Community [DRG]), which would later change its name several times, first in 1912 to Germanische-Deutsche Religionsgemeinschaft (Germanic-German Religious Community [GDRG]), then in 1915, following a split in the membership, to the Deutschgläubige Gemeinschaft (Association of the German Faithful [DGG]).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fahrenkrog remained with the GDRG after several members left following disagreements over the place of the old Germanic gods, and the inclusion of a partly Jewish member, and shortly thereafter the group changed its name to the Germanische Glaubens Gemeinschaft (Germanic Faith-Community [GGG]), its final form.</span><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mp31L3Wnf-g/UuwfSb0JhuI/AAAAAAAALSc/mZo744J475A/s1600/Communion_of_Germanic_Faith_(Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft)+Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+-+Germanische+Glaubens-Gemeinschaft+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="86" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mp31L3Wnf-g/UuwfSb0JhuI/AAAAAAAALSc/mZo744J475A/s1600/Communion_of_Germanic_Faith_(Germanische_Glaubens-Gemeinschaft)+Ludwig+Fahrenkrog+-+Germanische+Glaubens-Gemeinschaft+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1916, the group set out ten points of common belief which they later published in 'Das Deutsche Buch' (The German Book).</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thule Gesellschaft<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deutschgläubige Gemeinschaft<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1923, the GGG's sixth year of existence, Fahrenkrog gave a speech that stated that the goal of the movement was the "<i>ascent and united will of all Germanic people</i>." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At that point, the group had a large membership spread across several neighbouring countries, and plans for further growth included the building of a Germanic temple designed by Fahrenkrog's stepson.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the temple's construction was obstructed by protests from local Christian groups and disagreement among GGG members, and it was never finished.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1925, Fahrenkrog and Adolf Kroll, another early member, argued over the role that the Edda should play in the group's mythology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fahrenkrog believed that the GGG should evolve a new <i>mythos,</i> incorporating but not dependent upon the Edda, with Kroll apparently seeing this as disloyalty to the old Germanic myths.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society), originally the 'Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum' ("Study Group for Germanic Antiquity"), was a German occultist and völkisch group founded by Felix Niedner, the German translator of the Elder Norse Eddas, in 1910.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Deutsch Seele</span></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Are you, German soul, not rich enough to build your sanctuary out of your own primal possessions ?</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">A suggestively Oriental pomp, always zealous for its absolutes, lies within the soul and places in subjection the receptive, faith-rich fervour of the young German.</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Oriental ! With that I mean Moses with his “Thou shalt not !”; or Jesus’ “No man can serve two masters,” meaning either/or, God or Mammon; or St. Paul’s inflexible “There is no other name given us under heaven by which we can be saved !” Remember also the Pope’s infallibility in the matters of the human soul. It repeats in mandatory fanaticism to the eternally questing soul an inexorable, rigid “It is so !” And the stronger the soul relies on this, in trust and faith, the sooner it is placed in subjection by means of hypnosis.</i><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Germanic is subjugated to the Oriental. He is obliged to be, since his rich religious sensibilities still seek for answers in the east. Here they will be given to him. He must remain in subjection like a clever, curious child, that in looking at endless wonders cannot yet answer for himself, and half in slumber and dream plays with giant-images and fog-elves, and depends on those humans he regards as mature and wise. Of himself the Germanic wouldn't be as bold or arrogant enough to allege and proclaim a universal “It is so !” He trusted the zealous foreigner — and was truer to the foreign words than their preachers, as the German soul with the coming of Martin Luther awoke and with fervour and might made protest. “Here I stand, I can do no other !” That was the voice of eternity, the sound of religious depth, a compulsion from God. Luther shook off the infallibility of the Romans; but in seeking a balance of power he set up another: the infallibility of the Bible - the revealed word of God of the Orient.</span></i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">If only he had discovered the soul as the last best and deepest place of divine revelation, and the human soul as the determining law of a religious vision, that after all can give no word other than that which is living in it ! — Well, anyway. Since Luther’s day Germany’s soul began to free itself from alienating oriental myth and sought its Self.</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Is not every true science a striving for truth ? Every true word — even when it has dogmas and priests lined up against it — a divine word ? Did not Jesus also speak of a divine truth when he said, “The kingdom of heaven is within you ! — not in that built with hands !”</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">We stand at the turning-point to an earlier era. It is like when a person casts off an old and familiar garment. Fleeing frippery, the soul wants to be simple — to be naked.</i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Humans are filled with embarrassment at their own soul, and threads which spin across from the soul’s womb.</i></blockquote>
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Ludwig Fahrenkrog - <span style="text-align: justify;">1907</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">The GGG under the Third Reich</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Third Reich<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When the NSDAP came to power in 1933, they outlawed almost all other groups not affiliated with the party.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The GGG, however, was not forced to disband, nevertheless, some of its activities were limited.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They could no longer hold public meetings, and after 1938 could no longer use the swastika, which the GGG had been using as its symbol since 1908.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1934, somewhat surprisingly, an exhibit of his paintings was prohibited by the ministry of propaganda.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei - abbreviated NSDAP - (The National Socialist German Workers' Party ), was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945. Its predecessor, the German Workers' Party (DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. </span></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-5391439653032174992014-01-26T16:19:00.000-08:002015-09-29T05:56:50.499-07:00Der Begriff der Rasse - The Concept of Race<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nEfdUihYRR8/UuW1ZGJt9lI/AAAAAAAALGM/90L8R8Ep8r0/s1600/DER+BEGRIFF+DER+RASSE+-+Text+2+copy.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="64" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nEfdUihYRR8/UuW1ZGJt9lI/AAAAAAAALGM/90L8R8Ep8r0/s1600/DER+BEGRIFF+DER+RASSE+-+Text+2+copy.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>'All is race - there is no other truth."</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Benjamin Disraeli</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Race has been described as 'the family writ large', and yet no word in the modern Western parlance is as scary as the word ‘<i>race</i>’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is avoided like the plague by contemporary opinion makers, except when they use its verbal derivative “<i>racist</i>” against right-wingers, 'w<i>hite nationalists</i>', ‘<i>neo-Nazis</i>’ and their proverbial bed fellows ‘'<i>anti-Semite</i>s'.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.600000381469727px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In modern science, let alone in the social sciences, the word and the concept of race is denounced as a '<i>social construct'</i>, not being admitted as biological reality, despite<i> overwhelming evidence</i> that race is <i>not</i> just skin deep, and that different races world-wide show marked <i>differences</i> in behaviour, cultural achievements, and in IQ.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">As professor Daniel A. Beach recently noted: “<i>Race pervades a great deal of social and interpersonal issues with which we must contend, yet we have no effective way of talking about it</i>.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Unlike their colleagues in the social sciences, many Western biologists and geneticists are <i>well aware</i> of differences among races, yet they prefer to resort to esoteric verbiage and expressions, such as <i>“mapping the genome</i>,” or “<i>different gene pools</i>” or “<i>different haplotypes</i>,” when doing research on the subject of race.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In biological classification, race is identical with the term '<i>subspecies</i>' (abbreviated "<i>subsp</i>." or "<i>ssp.</i>"; plural: "<i>subspecies</i>"), and is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, or a taxonomic unit in that rank.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all, or two or more (including any that are extinct), but never just one.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Organisms that belong to different subspecies of the same species are capable of <i>interbreeding </i>and producing fertile offspring, but they often do <i>not</i> interbreed in nature, due to geographic isolation, or other factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The differences between subspecies are usually <i>less</i> distinct than the differences between species.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The characteristics attributed to subspecies generally have evolved as a result of geographical distribution or isolation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A '<i>subspecies</i>' is identical with the term '<i>breed</i>', as is found in domesticated animals.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Prior to the early 20th Century the words ‘<i>race</i>’ and ‘<i>racist</i>’ were rarely used in the English, French, or German languages.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The etymology of the word ‘<i>race</i>’ is still unclear, although most likely it derives from the old Latin word ‘<i>radix</i>,’ meaning roots, or the German ‘<i>reiza</i>,' meaning family lineage.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Its significance became ideologically loaded only in the late 1920s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Over the last 50 years, it has undergone a <i>total semantic distortion.</i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The concept of '<i>eugenics'</i> is now associated with National Socialism, and has come to be understood, among the 'so called' educated classes, as the epitome of evil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In fact, however, eugenic measures were a standard family practice from time immemorial among European tribes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Undoubtedly, each family had to be prolific, with a multitude of children able to work on the land or to guard the household.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This meant allowing, and frequently facilitating, the death of children who were sickly, or had disabilities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Until recently in the European countryside when a young girl and boy were about to start dating, parents first inquired about whether their respective fathers or mothers were alcoholics, whether somebody in their family tree had some serious illness, such as diabetes, tuberculosis, or some nervous disorder - or even inborn proclivity to criminal behavior.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A semi-literate, yet intelligent European peasant or farmer did not have to be versed in socio-biology, or have a degree in molecular biology, in order to realize that hereditary diseases of the unfortunate partner could easily be transmitted to the newborns, with deadly social consequences for the entire family.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In France it is still common to hear the expression “<i>elle est de bonne race</i>” (“<i>she is of good breed or character</i>”) for a good looking and healthy woman.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the Croatian or the Serbian language one can hear among young adults the colloquial adjective ‘<i>rasna</i>’ (‘<i>raceful’</i>), when depicting a good and healthy looking person. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In such particular instances ‘<i>race</i>’ is a synonym of <i>good health</i> and <i>good looks</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In a more formal sense, race has been described as a 'classification system', used to categorize humans into large and distinct populations or groups, by heritable phenotypic characteristics, geographic ancestry, physical appearance, and ethnicity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are often differences unique to each racial population.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aryan Herrenrasse'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Academic studies of race in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the modern concept of the '<i>Aryan Herrenrasse</i>' (Aryan Master Race), which posited a hierarchy of races based on darkness of skin color, eye and hair color, and certain skeletal features, and in particular the proportions of skulls.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nevertheless, such theorists usually accepted that considerable variety of hair and eye color existed even within the racial categories they recognized.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Contrary to the popular 'urban myth', the German National Socialists did not discriminate against those who did<i> not</i> have blond hair or light-eyes, or had only one of these features.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler and many other National Socialist officials had dark hair, and were still considered to be a Aryan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">(The term Aryan derives from the Sanskrit word (a´rya), which derived from arya, the original Indo-Iranian autonym meaning '<i>noble</i>')</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The postulated superiority of these people was said to make them born leaders, and hence to appellation "Herrenrasse" - (Master-race)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">(it is important that 'Herrenrasse' should not be confused with the term 'Ubermensch' - the former is the <i>precursor</i> of the latter.)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After 1945, however, everything changed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The role of the <i>environment</i> became a sacrosanct dogma of liberal and Marxist '<i>world improvers</i>', while blind faith in progress became a shining path for a promiscuous end of history.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Creation is not finished.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Man is clearly approaching a phase of metamorphosis.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The earlier human species has already reached the stage of dying out....</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">All of the force of creation will be concentrated in a new species... which will surpass infinitely modern man.... And we shall rejuvenate the world."</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The German word ‘<i>Rasse</i>,’ which was commonly used in the 1920s, 30s and the early 40’s, came to be highly uncomfortable for postwar German politicians and academics, who were themselves groomed by the Allies in <i>self-hate</i> and<i> guilt feelings</i> about race.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And so, thousands of German books, papers and dissertations, dealing with race, racial hygiene, racial studies, racial mixing, etc., had to disappear from library shelves, only to reappear as subjects of criminal proceedings in post-war Germany.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Shortly after World War Two, thousands of books dealing with race,, and racial differences, were burned and destroyed by the Allies.<br />Institutes specializing in racial hygiene, such as 'Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene' and the prestigious 'Kaiser Wilhelm Institut für Anthropologie', were closed down.<br />Hundreds of European doctors and specialists in genetics and biology - if not spirited out, furtively, to the USA or the USSR - were hunted down as war criminals, or denounced as quacks.<br />(See Manfred Heinemann, Hochschuloffiziere und Wiederaufbau des Hochschulwesens in Westdeutschland,1944–1952. See also Reinhard Grohnert, Die Entnazifizierung in Baden 1945–1949.)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The concept of a Germanic or Nordic race was a leitmotif in the völkisch ideology of the National Socialist movement.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialists believed that the Aryan Nordic race was superior to all other races, and they were determined to fight for the expansion of this race at the expense of inferior races.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">But the idea of a Aryan Nordic master race was not an creation of the National Socialists. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Its initial origins did not even lie in Germany or Austria.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was common among people in Europe and North America to understand that the white-skinned European population could be scientifically divided into a number of races, and that one of these races was the blond, tall, long-skulled Aryan Nordic race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Many also assumed that the Nordic race - from which the north European nations had their origin - was a superior race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Some north Europeans and North Americans even wanted to reorganize society in ways that would strengthen the reproduction and expansion of this blond race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Völkisch ideologists, in Germany and elsewhere, stated that their theories were based on science.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These referrences to scientific legitimacy were also supported by many influential members of the international scientific community.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In addition, political struggles over racial ideologies were interwoven with a struggle over scientific evidence, legitimacy, and disciplinary boundaries.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These debates strongly influenced physical anthropology, which was dealing with the classification of human races, and the study of the origins, evolution, and migrations of these races.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the distant past the word ‘<i>race</i>’ did <i>not</i> exist, but the sense of '<i>racial beauty</i>' and '<i>racial awareness'</i> was firmly grounded in the minds of ancient Europeans.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pindar - Ingres</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Athena</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In Homer’s famed 'Iliad' most gods and goddesses are fair skinned and light eyed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Athena is described by the ancient Greek poet Pindar as as '<i>the blond and blue eyed goddess</i>', whereas tricksters or fickle persons, personified by satyrs and centaurs had repulsive features, with woolly hair, thick lips and hooked noses. (R. Peterson, 'The Classical World', 1985, pp 30–31).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the Middle Ages, one encounters those grotesque images of ugliness on basilicas and cathedrals, where gargoyles were used as ornamented water spouts projecting from roofs or water fountains.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Those negative images, displaying non-European racial traits, would be banned today, as our 'modern' concepts of multi-racialism do not tolerate racial stereotyping, or what is euphemistically referred to as ‘<i>ethnic profiling</i>.’</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kritios Boy - Racial Perfection</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In a well-researched, yet forgotten book, Professor Allen G. Roper ('Ancient Eugenics', 1913) provides a great many citations from ancient Greek and Latin texts, describing eugenic practices by the ancient Greeks and Romans.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Infanticide was not considered a barbaric act, but a paramount political necessity for a city-state in perennial crisis and warfare.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These states did not have a luxury of feeding genetic misfits, or potential criminals..</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Spartan leader Solon drafted the first eugenic laws, and the Stoic Roman philosopher Seneca encouraged infanticide.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">“<i>We drown the weaklings and the monstrosities. It is not passion but reason to separate the useless from the fit</i>.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In ancient Rome of the Republic, racial purity and close-knit bonds among kin were extremely valued.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The whole concept of the city-state was premised on a small family unit, with the typical '<i>pater familias</i>' at the helm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Eugenics was a concept also adhered to by many thinkers in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s, such as Margaret Sanger, Marie Stopes, H. G. Wells, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Emile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, John Maynard Keynes, John Harvey Kellogg, Linus Pauling and Sidney Webb.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aldous Huxley’s best-selling novel Brave New World, about a future society based on eugenics, was published in 1932.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The National Socialists took this concept to the limit by establishing a program to systematically genetically enhance the Nordic Aryans through a program of eugenics to create the 'Herrenrasse' or 'Master Race'.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Darwin</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Eugenics is also intimately related to the theory of Social Darwinism, which is an theory of biological science that seeks to apply biological concepts of evolutionary theory to society and political structures, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society may lead to social progress as superior groups compete with inferior ones.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Social Darwinism is generally understood to use the concepts of 'the struggle for existence' and '<i>survival of the fittest</i>' to explain economic and political developments in society.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These theories are obviously related to the concepts of eugenics, scientific racism, imperialism and the struggle between national or racial groups.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Many thinkers in 19th Century Europe have maintained that social Darwinism is a logical entailment of a belief in evolutionary theory.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Herbert Spencer</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Despite the fact that social Darwinism bears Charles Darwin's name, it is also linked today with others, notably Herbert Spencer, Thomas Malthus, and Francis Galton, the founder of eugenics. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The publication of Ernst Haeckel's best-selling 'Welträtsel' ('Riddle of the Universe') in 1899 brought social Darwinism, and earlier ideas of racial hygiene, to a wider audience.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">His recapitulation theory was not Darwinism, but rather attempted to combine the ideas of Goethe, Lamarck and Darwin.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ernst Haeckel</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (February 16, 1834 – August 9, 1919), was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularized Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the recapitulation theory ("<i>ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny</i>") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.</span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures ('Kunstformen der Natur' -, "Art Forms of Nature"). As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote 'Die Welträtsel' (1895–1899, 'The Riddle of the Universe-, 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel).</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.com/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html" target="_blank">Die Ästhetik des Rasse</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>“To be modern only means to fill new forms with eternal truths.”</b></i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> </b>– Joseph Goebbels</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hmABOeNsXNg/UuXL1YsH3SI/AAAAAAAALHs/lEiQKig7ZaI/s1600/Phidias+-+Ingres+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hmABOeNsXNg/UuXL1YsH3SI/AAAAAAAALHs/lEiQKig7ZaI/s1600/Phidias+-+Ingres+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Phidias - Ingres</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G6qWOTKNNzQ/UuXKVX2p8wI/AAAAAAAALHk/AI18HBLR_1Y/s1600/Phidias+-+Parthenon+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="182" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G6qWOTKNNzQ/UuXKVX2p8wI/AAAAAAAALHk/AI18HBLR_1Y/s1600/Phidias+-+Parthenon+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Parthenon - South Metope 27 - Phidias </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is significant to note that the <a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.com/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html" target="_blank">concept of beauty and race</a> in pre-war Europe, and particular in pre-war Germany, witnessed a return to a pure form of 'romanticized classicism'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Models from antiquity and the Renaissance were adapted to the prevailing spirit of the times. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Numerous German sculptors worked on such artistic projects, while benefiting from the logistic and financial support of the National Socialist political elite.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YC7e_VDZz4c/UuXMalSex1I/AAAAAAAALH0/yqoFTv9H4Rg/s1600/13977-slave-dying-michelangelo-buonarroti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YC7e_VDZz4c/UuXMalSex1I/AAAAAAAALH0/yqoFTv9H4Rg/s1600/13977-slave-dying-michelangelo-buonarroti.jpg" width="110" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lo Schiavo Morente<br />
Michelangelo</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Their sculptures resembled, either by form, or by composition, the works of Praxiteles or of Phidias of ancient Greece, or those executed by Michelangelo during the Renaissance.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The most prominent German sculptors in the Third Reich were Arno Breker, Josef Thorak, and Fritz Klimsch, who although enjoying the support of the National Socialist regime, were never members of the NSDAP.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5WFDQwZ--DY/UuWudCf81gI/AAAAAAAALF0/ydmFa0yY3Yc/s1600/Bereitschaft+-+Arno+Breker+-+National+Socialism+-+Deutsch+Kunst+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5WFDQwZ--DY/UuWudCf81gI/AAAAAAAALF0/ydmFa0yY3Yc/s1600/Bereitschaft+-+Arno+Breker+-+National+Socialism+-+Deutsch+Kunst+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="138" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bereitschaft - Arno Breker </td></tr>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Arno Breker (July 19, 1900 – February 13, 1991) was a German sculptor, best known for his public works in the Third Reich, which were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of degenerate art. The neoclassical nature of his work, with titles like Comradeship, Torchbearer, and Sacrifice, typified National Socialist ideals, and suited the characteristics of National Socialist architecture</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HtQyrMuW7zo/UubMZeA_q3I/AAAAAAAALJI/C8yrLFb8jWM/s1600/Philopoemen+-+David+d'Angers+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HtQyrMuW7zo/UubMZeA_q3I/AAAAAAAALJI/C8yrLFb8jWM/s1600/Philopoemen+-+David+d'Angers+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="100" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mannerist Sculpture<br />
Philopoemen<br />
David d'Angers</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">On closer inspection, though, the proportions of his figures, the highly colouristic treatment of his surfaces (the strong contrasts between dark and light accents), and the melodramatic tension of their musculatures perhaps invites comparison with the Italian Mannerist sculptors of the 16th century. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Stylistically, Mannerism encompasses a variety of approaches influenced by, and reacting to, the ideals associated with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. While High Renaissance explored harmonious ideals, Mannerism wanted to go a step further. Mannerism is notable for its </span><i style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">intellectual sophistication, </i><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">as well as its </span><i style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">artificial</i><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities. Mannerism favours </span><i style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">compositional tension</i><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and </span><i style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">instability,</i><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> rather than the balance and clarity of early Renaissance. </span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Josef Thorak (7 February 1889 in Salzburg, Austria – 26 February 1952 in Hartmannsberg, Bavaria) was an Austrian-German sculptor. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In 1922, Thorak's reputation increased when he created 'Der sterbende Krieger' (The Dead Warrior), a statue in memory to the dead of World War I of Stolpmünde.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fZ8SuSuUcZM/UuWuNErtD6I/AAAAAAAALFs/u8lkWI-8pnk/s1600/Josef+Thorak+-+male+and+female+Nude+-+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fZ8SuSuUcZM/UuWuNErtD6I/AAAAAAAALFs/u8lkWI-8pnk/s1600/Josef+Thorak+-+male+and+female+Nude+-+.jpg" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Male and Female Nude<br />
Josef Thorak</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1933 and in following years, Thorak joined Arno Breker as one of the two "official sculptors" of the Third Reich. In his studio outside Munich, Thorak worked on statues intended to represent the Volksleben of the Third Reich; these works tended to be heroic in scale, up to 65 feet (20 meters) in height. His official works from this period included a number of sculptures at the Berlin Olympic Stadium of 1936.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WaRdtIC9Pzc/UuWtyFClYAI/AAAAAAAALFk/y2O7lkslI0E/s1600/Fritz+KLIMSCH+1870-1960+-+Merkur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WaRdtIC9Pzc/UuWtyFClYAI/AAAAAAAALFk/y2O7lkslI0E/s1600/Fritz+KLIMSCH+1870-1960+-+Merkur.jpg" width="155" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Merkur - Fritz Klimsch</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Fritz Klimsch (10 February 1870, Frankfurt am Main – 30 March 1960, Freiburg) was a German sculptor.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Klimsch studied at the königlich Hochschule für akademische Kunst in Berlin, and was then a student of Fritz Schaper. In 1898 Klimsch was a founding member of the Berlin Secession. </span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In the era of National Socialism Klimsch was highly regarded as an artist, and created busts of Erich Ludendorff, Wilhelm Frick and Adolf Hitler. According to a diary entry by Goebbels, Klimsch was '<i>the most mature of our sculptors. A genius</i>.' In September 1944 Klimsch was named in the highest rank of artists of the Third Reich, in the Gottbegnadeten list.</span></blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Those who have a beautiful physique should be brought into the foreground, so that they might encourage the development of a beautiful bodily form among the people in general.”</span></i><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"> </span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_BoCgztsU5c/UubTQAi2zqI/AAAAAAAALJ0/1ATCmaxnJ-I/s1600/Immanuel+Kant+-+Occult+Third+Reich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_BoCgztsU5c/UubTQAi2zqI/AAAAAAAALJ0/1ATCmaxnJ-I/s1600/Immanuel+Kant+-+Occult+Third+Reich.jpg" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Immanuel Kant</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 19th and 20th century Europe, and particularly in the <a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.com/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html" target="_blank">Third Reich æsthetics</a> was seen as an essential expression of racial identity, and æsthetics was a major topic discussed by German philosophers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Immanuel Kant the aesthetic experience of beauty is a judgement of a subjective but similar human truth, since all people should agree that "<i>this rose is beautiful</i>" if it in fact is.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5eh0782WpDU/UubUz_mrB3I/AAAAAAAALKA/DvdCw_yQmcU/s1600/Friedrich+Schiller+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5eh0782WpDU/UubUz_mrB3I/AAAAAAAALKA/DvdCw_yQmcU/s1600/Friedrich+Schiller+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Friedrich Schiller</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Friedrich Schiller, the great German poet, aesthetic appreciation of beauty is the most perfect reconciliation of the sensual and rational parts of human nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, the philosophy of art is the "<i>organon</i>" of philosophy concerning the relation between man and nature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Friedrich von Schlegel, August Wilhelm Schlegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel have also given lectures on aesthetics as philosophy of art after 1800.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zwyAhml0lyg/UubSybm1V0I/AAAAAAAALJk/BBMSjP4Bj1U/s1600/Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Hegel+-+German+Philosophy+-+Deutsch+Idealismus+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zwyAhml0lyg/UubSybm1V0I/AAAAAAAALJk/BBMSjP4Bj1U/s1600/Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Hegel+-+German+Philosophy+-+Deutsch+Idealismus+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Hegel all culture is a matter of "<i>absolute spirit</i>" coming to be manifest to itself, stage by stage, changing to a perfection that only philosophy can approach.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'<i>Art is the first stage in which the 'absolute spirit' is manifest immediately to sense-perception, and is thus an objective rather than subjective revelation of beauty</i>'.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YSbu7JFfCOU/UubTAMcxpxI/AAAAAAAALJs/nvAmITQeWmo/s1600/Arthur+Schopenhauer+-+German+Philosophy+-+Deutsch+Idealismus+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YSbu7JFfCOU/UubTAMcxpxI/AAAAAAAALJs/nvAmITQeWmo/s1600/Arthur+Schopenhauer+-+German+Philosophy+-+Deutsch+Idealismus+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur Schopenhauer </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For Arthur Schopenhauer <i>aesthetic contemplation</i> of beauty is the most <i>free</i> that the pure intellect can be from the dictates of will; here we contemplate<i><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.com/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html" target="_blank"> perfection of form</a>.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is thus for Schopenhauer one way to fight the suffering.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Later, Adolf Hitler placed much emphasis on <a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.com/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html" target="_blank">'<i>Aryan aesthetics</i></a>' as a way to unite people and give them sense of purpose, thereby turning them into a '<i>volk'</i>.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Æsthetics (also spelled aesthetics) is a branch of philosophy, dealing with the nature of <i>art,</i> <i>beauty</i>, and <i>taste</i>, and with the <i>creation </i>and<i> appreciation of beauty</i>.</span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called <i>judgements of sentiment.</i></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dWi56hIqIvg/UubXqs1As-I/AAAAAAAALKU/splzJ1hHIwQ/s1600/Discobolus+-+Discus+Thrower+-+Ancient+Greek+Sculpture+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dWi56hIqIvg/UubXqs1As-I/AAAAAAAALKU/splzJ1hHIwQ/s1600/Discobolus+-+Discus+Thrower+-+Ancient+Greek+Sculpture+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Discobolus</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nqe0csX-n_A/UubXfaZeX4I/AAAAAAAALKM/WFa8xzVaP10/s1600/Olympian+Apollo+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nqe0csX-n_A/UubXfaZeX4I/AAAAAAAALKM/WFa8xzVaP10/s1600/Olympian+Apollo+-+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Olympian Apollo</td></tr>
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As indicated above, Greece had the most influence on the development of aesthetics in the West.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of corresponding skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Furthermore, in many Western and Eastern cultures alike, traits such as body hair are rarely depicted in art that addresses physical beauty.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In contrast with this Greek-Western aesthetic taste is the non-Aryan genre of the grotesque.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Greek philosophers initially felt that aesthetically appealing objects were beautiful in and of themselves.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Plato believed that for us to have a perception of beauty there must be a <i>transcendent form</i> for beauty, in which beautiful objects <i>partake,</i> and which causes them to be beautiful also.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He felt that beautiful objects <i>incorporated</i> proportion, harmony, and unity among their parts.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Similarly, in the 'Metaphysics', Aristotle found that the universal elements of beauty were <i>order, symmetry, </i>and <i>definiteness.</i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7OKzBX6AEPU/UubY3pJZ6XI/AAAAAAAALKk/vRQR_69cDXk/s1600/Sepp+Hilz+-+B%C3%A4uerliche+Venus,+1939.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7OKzBX6AEPU/UubY3pJZ6XI/AAAAAAAALKk/vRQR_69cDXk/s1600/Sepp+Hilz+-+B%C3%A4uerliche+Venus,+1939.png" width="153" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Bäuerliche Venus - 1939</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sepp Hilz</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'Pornographic Art ?'</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After the Second World War, as the result of pressure from the Allies, Europe - and to a large extent America itself - were forced to open their doors to abstract art (Jackson Pollock, Piet Mondrian, etc) and, consequently Euro-Americans, and in particular the Germans had to stifle the production of their traditional figurative art.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A large number of paintings and other works of art executed during the Third Reich were either removed or destroyed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Several hundred sculptures were destroyed during the Allied air bombardments.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After the war, a considerable number of works of art were confiscated by the Americans, because of their supposedly “<i>pornographic character</i>.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the spring of 1947, 8,722 paintings and sculptures of German artists were transported to the United States.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Of these, only a small number have been returned to the Federal Republic of Germany.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Nordic race was one of the sub-races into which late 19th to mid 20th century anthropologists divided the Caucasian race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">People of the Nordic type are described as usually having light-colored hair, light-colored eyes, fair skin, long and narrow skulls and tall stature, and are considered to predominate in the countries of Northern Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The psychological traits of Nordics were described as truthful, equitable, competitive, naïve, reserved and individualistic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Other, similar European sub-races are the Alpine race, Dinaric race, East Baltic race and the Mediterranean race.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nordicism is an ideology of racial separatism which views Aryan Nordics as an endangered racial group, as identified by Madison Grant in 'The Passing of the Great Race'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This ideology was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in some Central and Northern European countries, as well as in North America.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialists claim that the "Aryan Nordic race" within the greater Caucasian race, constituted a 'master race' or 'Herrenvolk' (see above).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In the mid 19th century, scientific racial theories developed the concept of Aryanism, holding that Europeans ("Aryans") were an innately superior branch of humanity, responsible for most of its greatest achievements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aryanism was derived from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages constituted a distinctive race or sub-race of the larger Caucasian race.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur de Gobineau</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Its principal proponent was Arthur de Gobineau in his 'Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races' (1855).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Though Gobineau argued that Germanic people were the best modern representatives of the Aryan race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Adapting the comments of Tacitus and other Roman writers, he argued that "pure" Northerners regenerated Europe after the Roman Empire declined, due to racial "dilution" of its leadership.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By the 1880s a number of linguists and anthropologists argued that the Aryans themselves had originated somewhere in northern Europe.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Theodor Poesche proposed that the Aryans originated in the vast Rokitno, or Pinsk Marshes, then in the Russian Empire, now covering much of the southern part of Belarus and the north-west of the Ukraine, but it was Karl Penka who popularized the idea that the Aryans had emerged in Scandinavia and could be identified by the distinctive Nordic characteristics of blond hair and blue eyes</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The biologist Thomas Henry Huxley agreed with him, coining the term "Xanthochroi" to refer to fair-skinned Europeans, as opposed to darker Mediterranean peoples, whom Huxley called "Melanochroi".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was Huxley who also concluded that the Melanochroi (Peoples of the Mediterranean race), who he described as "dark whites", are of a mixture of the Xanthochroi and Australioids.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This distinction was repeated by Charles Morris in his book 'The Aryan Race' (1888), which argued that the original Aryans could be identified by their Nordic features, such as dolichocephaly (long skull).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The argument was given extra impetus by the French anthropologist Vacher de Lapouge in his book 'L’Aryen', in which he argued that the "dolichocephalic" peoples were natural leaders, destined to rule over more brachycephalic (short-skulled) peoples.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche also referred in his writings to "blond beasts": amoral adventurers who were supposed to be the progenitors of creative cultures.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 'On the Genealogy of Morals' (1887), he wrote, "In Latin malus ... could indicate the vulgar man as the dark one, especially as the black-haired one, as the pre-Aryan dweller of the Italian soil which distinguished itself most clearly through his color from the blonds who became their masters, namely the Aryan conquering race."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Defining Characteristics</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Henry Keane's 'Man, Past and Present' (1899) shows a Dane as an example of the Nordic type</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was the Russian-born French anthropologist Joseph Deniker that initially proposed "nordique" (meaning simply "northern") as an "ethnic group" (a term that he coined).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He defined ''nordique' by a set of physical characteristics: The concurrence of fair, somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a dolichocephalic skull.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Of six 'Caucasian' groups Deniker accommodated four into secondary ethnic groups, all of which he considered intermediate to the Nordic: Northwestern, Sub-Nordic, Vistula and Sub-Adriatic, respectively.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">American economist William Z. Ripley defined scientifically a "Teutonic Race" (teutonische Rasse) in his book 'The Races of Europe' (1899).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He divided Europeans into three main subcategories: Teutonic (teutonisch), Alpine and Mediterranean.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Ripley the "Teutonic race" resided in Scandinavia, north Germany, Baltic states and East Prussia, north Poland, north Russia, Britain, Ireland, parts of Central Europe and was typified by light hair, light skin, blue eyes, tall stature, a narrow nose, and slender body type.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Georges Vacher de Lapouge had called this race "Homo Europaeus".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Madison Grant, in his book 'The Passing of the Great Race', took up Ripley's classification. He described a "Nordic" type as "long skulled, very tall, fair skinned, with blond or brown hair and light colored eyes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Nordics inhabit the countries around the North and Baltic Seas and include not only the great Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other early peoples who first appear in southern Europe and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language and culture."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Grant, the "Alpine race", shorter in stature, darker in coloring, with a rounder head, predominated in Central and Eastern Europe through to Turkey and the Eurasian steppes of Central Asia and Southern Russia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The "Mediterranean race", with dark hair and eyes, aquiline nose, swarthy complexion, moderate-to-short stature, and moderate or long skull was said to be prevalent in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By 1902 the German archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna identified the original Aryans (Proto-Indo-Europeans) with the north German Corded Ware culture, an argument that gained in currency over the following two decades.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He placed the Indo-European Urheimat in Schleswig-Holstein, arguing that they had expanded across Europe from there.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By the early 20th century this theory was well established.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Sociologists were soon using the concept of a "Aryan (or Nordic) race" to model the migrations of the more entrepreneurial and innovative components of European populations.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 1939 Carleton Coon wrote that "The Poles who came to the United States during the 19th century, and the early decades of the 20th, did not represent a cross-section of the Polish population, but a taller, blonder, longer-headed group than the Poles as a whole."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The apposite "high brow"/"low brow" distinction, derived from such theories, also became enshrined in language.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was the already mentioned work of sociologist/economist William Z. Ripley which popularized the idea of three biological European races.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ripley borrowed Deniker's terminology of Nordic (he had previously used the term "Teuton"); his division of the European races relied on a variety of anthropometric measurements, but focused especially on their cephalic index and stature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Compared to Deniker, Ripley advocated a simplified racial view and proposed a single Teutonic race linked to geographic areas where Nordic-like characteristics predominate, and contrasted these areas to the boundaries of two other types, Alpine and Mediterranean, thus reducing the Caucasoid branch of humanity' to three distinct groups.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By the early 20th century, Ripley's tripartite Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean model was well established.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Most 19th century racial-theorists, like Arthur de Gobineau, Otto Ammon, Georges Vacher de Lapouge and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, preferred to speak of "Aryans," "Teutons," and "Indo-Europeans" instead of "Nordic Race".</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The British-German racial theorist Houston Stewart Chamberlain considered the Nordic race to be made up of Celtic and Germanic peoples.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Chamberlain's ideas would later influence Adolf Hitler, and National Socialist ideology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Only in the 1920s did a strong partiality for "Nordic" begin to reveal itself, and for a while the term was used almost interchangeably with Aryan.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Later, however, Nordic would not be co-terminous with Aryan, Indo-European or Germanic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">For example, the minister for Food in the Third Reich, Richard Walther Darré, who had developed a concept of the German peasantry as Nordic race, used the term 'Aryan' to refer to the tribes of the Iranian plains.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hans F. K. Günther</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 'Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes' (Racial Science of the Germanic Peoples), published 1922, Hans F. K. Günther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the East Baltic race (related to the Alpine race) and Dinaric race (related to the Nordic race) to Ripley's categories.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This work was influential in Ewald Banse's publication of 'Die Rassenkarte von Europa' in 1925 which combined research by Joseph Deniker, William Z. Ripley, Madison Grant, Otto Hauser, Hans F. K. Günther, Eugen Fischer and Gustav Kraitschek.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 'The Racial Elements of European History' Gunther further identified a race he named 'Hither Asiatic' in Southern Spain and Morocco, which he believed was carried into Europe through the Moorish invasions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He identified an 'Inner Asiatic', race residing in Northern Scandinavia and Northern Russia. He also identified the 'Oriental race', residing and originating from Arabia, as well as the Near Asiatic race originating from Persia.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By the early twentieth century the concept of a "masterly" Nordic race had become familiar enough that the British psychologist William McDougall, writing in 1920, stated:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'Among all the disputes and uncertainties of the ethnographers about the races of Europe, one fact stands out clearly - namely, that we can distinguish a race of northerly distribution and origin, characterized physically by fair color of hair and skin and eyes, by tall stature and dolichocephaly (i.e. long shape of head), and mentally by great independence of character, individual initiative and tenacity of will. Many names have been used to denote this type, ... . It is also called the Nordic type.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nordicists claim that Nordics had formed upper tiers of ancient civilizations, even in the Mediterranean civilizations of antiquity, which had declined once this dominant race had been assimilated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Thus they argued that ancient evidence suggested that leading Romans like Sulla and Cato were blond or red-haired.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Some Nordicists admitted the Mediterranean race possessed considerable artistic ability., however, the Nordic race was regarded as superior on the basis that, although Mediterranean peoples were culturally sophisticated, it was the Nordics who were alleged to be the innovators and conquerors, having an adventurous spirit that no other race could match.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Alpine race was usually regarded as inferior to both the Nordic and Mediterranean races, making up the traditional peasant class of Europe while Nordics occupied the aristocracy and led the world in technology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In German speaking countries Nordicism was known under the term "Nordischer Gedanke" (Nordic thought).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This phrase was coined by the German eugenicists Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It appeared in their 1921 work 'Menschliche Erblehre' (Human Heredity), which described the innate superiority of the Nordic race.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur Schopenhauer</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Darwin</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Adapting the arguments of Arthur Schopenhauer, and others, to Darwinian theory, they argued that the qualities of initiative and will-power identified by earlier writers had arisen from natural selection, because of the tough landscape in which Nordic peoples evolved.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This had ensured that weaker individuals had not survived.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This argument was derived from earlier eugenicist and Social Darwinist ideas.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to the authors, the Nordic race arose in the ice age, from: '<i>quite a small group which, under stress of rapidly changing conditions (climate, beasts of the chase) was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which persist today as the exclusive heritage of the Nordic race ... Philological, archaeological and anthropological researches combine to indicate that the primal home of the Indo-Germanic [i.e. Aryan] languages must have been in Northern Europe</i>.'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They went on to state that "<i>the original Indo-Germanic civilisation</i>" was carried by Nordic migrants down to India, and that the physiognomy of upper caste Indians "disclose a Nordic origin".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By this time, Germany was well-accustomed to theories of race, and racial superiority, due to the long presence of the Völkish movement, the philosophy that Germans constituted a unique people, or volk, linked by common blood.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">While Volkism was extremely popular, and was a version of ethnic nationalism, 'Nordicism' attracted German anthropologists and eugenicists.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hans F. K. Günther, one of Fischer's students, first defined "Nordic thought" in his programmatic book 'Der Nordische Gedanke unter den Deutschen'</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He became the most influential German in this field.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">His 'Short Ethnology of the German People' (1929) was very widely circulated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In his 'Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes' (Race-Lore of the German Volk), published 1922, Günther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the East Baltic race and Dinaric race to Ripley's categories.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">He used the term Ostic (easttern) instead of Alpine, and he focused on various races' distinct mental attributes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Many Völkists who merged Völkism and Nordicism embraced Günther's ideas, most notably the National Socialists</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler read 'Human Heredity' shortly before he wrote 'Mein Kampf', and condidered it scientific proof of the racial basis of civilisation.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1B_OF4hN6Sw/Uuwb9eH6I9I/AAAAAAAALR8/pa3XzyBgWFM/s1600/Alfred%2BRosenberg%2B-%2BMyth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTwentieth%2BCentury%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1B_OF4hN6Sw/Uuwb9eH6I9I/AAAAAAAALR8/pa3XzyBgWFM/s200/Alfred%2BRosenberg%2B-%2BMyth%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTwentieth%2BCentury%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.bmp" width="157" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alfred Rosenberg</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Its arguments were also repeated by the Völkish philosopher Alfred Rosenberg, in his book 'Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts' (The Myth of the Twentieth Century - 1930).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialists held the Atlanteans to be a race of Nordic 'supermen', and Alfred Rosenberg wrote of a "Nordic-Atlantean" 'herren volk' (master race), whose civilization was lost through inward corruption and betrayal.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OkmNpMyEDqM/VUzEyP6159I/AAAAAAAAMvY/n_Z0ujfTMPw/s1600/Atlantis%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OkmNpMyEDqM/VUzEyP6159I/AAAAAAAAMvY/n_Z0ujfTMPw/s320/Atlantis%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Atlantis</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Rosenberg, the Nordic race had evolved in a now-lost landmass off the coast of Europe, perhaps mythical Atlantis, migrated through northern Europe.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Like Grant and others, he argued that the entrepreneurial energy of the Nordics had "degenerated" when they mixed with "inferior" peoples.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">With the rise of National Socialism, Nordic theory became the norm within German culture.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In some cases the "Nordic" concept became an almost abstract ideal rather than a mere racial category.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hans F. K. Günther, who joined the Nazi Party in 1932, was praised as a pioneer in racial thinking, a shining light of Nordic theory.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Most official comments, in the Third Reich, on the Nordic Race, were based on Günther's works, and Alfred Rosenberg presented Günther with a medal for his work g the policy of Racial Hygiene.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YLZYipgrsa4/VUzGLy9TB_I/AAAAAAAAMvk/G84NVEYJEhA/s1600/Madison%2BGrant%2B-%2BDer%2BBegriff%2Bder%2BRasse%2B-%2BThe%2BConcept%2Bof%2BRace%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YLZYipgrsa4/VUzGLy9TB_I/AAAAAAAAMvk/G84NVEYJEhA/s200/Madison%2BGrant%2B-%2BDer%2BBegriff%2Bder%2BRasse%2B-%2BThe%2BConcept%2Bof%2BRace%2B-%2BRasse%2BBeobachter.jpg" width="138" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Madison Grant</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Madison Grant's book was the first non-German book to be translated and published by the Nationl Socialist Reich press.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Günther's work agreed with Grant's, and the German anthropologist frequently stated that the Germans are in many ways not a fully Nordic people.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler himself was later to downplay the importance of Nordicism (as opposed to Aryanism) in public for this very reason.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">National Socialist legislation identifying the ethnic and "racial" affinities of the Jews reflects the populationist concept of race. Discrimination was not restricted to Jews who belonged to the "Oriental-Armenoid" race, but was directed against all members of the Jewish ethnic population.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">By 1939 Hitler had abandoned Nordicist rhetoric in favor of the idea that the German people as a whole were united by distinct "Aryan spiritual" qualities.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Nevertheless, Third Reich eugenics policies continued to favor Nordics over Alpines and other racial groups, particularly during the war when decisions were being made about the incorporation of conquered peoples into the Reich.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In 1942 Hitler stated in private,</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'</span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">I shall have no peace of mind until I have planted a seed of Nordic blood wherever the population stand in need of regeneration. If at the time of the migrations, while the great racial currents were exercising their influence, our people received so varied a share of attributes, these latter blossomed to their full value only because of the presence of the Nordic racial nucleus</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">Hitler and Himmler planned to use the SS as the basis for the racial "regeneration" of Europe following the final victory of Nationaal Socialism.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The SS was to be a 'racial elite', chosen on the basis of "pure" Nordic Aryan qualities.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Addressing officers of the 'Leibstandarte - SS Adolf Hitler' Himmler stated:</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leibstandarte - SS Adolf Hitler</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37pzwwQlcN8/VUzHXQAOUlI/AAAAAAAAMv0/0qLxDIzNEhg/s1600/Heinrich%2BHimmler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-37pzwwQlcN8/VUzHXQAOUlI/AAAAAAAAMv0/0qLxDIzNEhg/s200/Heinrich%2BHimmler%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B(1).jpg" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler</td></tr>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
'The ultimate aim for those 11 years during which I have been the Reichsfuehrer SS has been invariably the same: to create an order of good blood which is able to serve Germany; which unfailingly and without sparing itself can be made use of because the greatest losses can do no harm to the vitality of this order, the vitality of these men, because they will always be replaced.<br />
To create an order which will spread the idea of Nordic Aryan blood so far that we will attract all Nordic Aryan blood in the world, take away that blood from our adversaries, absorb it so that never again, looking at it from the viewpoint of grand policy, will our adverseries fight against us.'</blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Hitler, Rasse und das Okkulte</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">So much has been written about the sources for Hitler's racial ideology, and other ideas, that the standard histories of the Third Reich, and the numerous biographies of Adolf Hitler seem content to repeat a well established litany of people and movements that may have influenced Hitler's thought.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Indeed, the composer Richard Wagner, the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Arthur Schopenhauer, the racial philosophers Joseph Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, extreme nationalism, Social Darwinism, and völkisch </span><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">racism in general are all regularly cited as his main sources.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Since Hitler rarely specified his sources, scholars have resorted to indicating similarities and parallels in order to document these influences.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The suggestion made in the 1950s by Joachim Besser, and in the early 1960s by George Mosse, that an examination of the impact of occult or esoteric philosophies, especially current in Vienna and Munich in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, on Hitler and early National Socialism might indeed be a more fruitful line of approach to the problem, has not been widely pursued by academic historians.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Recently, however, Jeffrey Goldstein and James Webb have emphasized the importance of occultism in general in the emergence of Nazi ideology, and it is now plainly evident that occult or esoteric racial philosophy may, indeed, have been one of the major sources for Hitler's racial ideology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler himself may have been partly responsible for leading historians away from investigating esoteric influences.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is well known that Hitler criticized occultists, Freemasons, and astrologers, and even persecuted some of them when he came into power.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And yet, in his nightly monologues to his assembled guests, Hitler revealed his belief in the very ideas that these groups were perpetrating.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Ample evidence of this is provided in his references to reincarnation, the lost continent of Atlantis, and Hanns Hörbiger's world ice theory, as well as in his conviction that the early myths and legends of cosmic disasters and struggles between giants and gods are actually mankind's vague memory of a disaster that destroyed a humanity that already possessed an advanced degree of civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A large variety of occult or esoteric groups and philosophies existed in German-speaking lands from the 1890s into the 1920s.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TInttQ52MzY/VgpQXkfMLkI/AAAAAAAANHc/mi6HoQOuNEw/s1600/Seal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTheosophical%2BSociety%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TInttQ52MzY/VgpQXkfMLkI/AAAAAAAANHc/mi6HoQOuNEw/s200/Seal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTheosophical%2BSociety%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Seal of the Theosophical Society<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-la9IIgvqkro/VgpPCwEJeGI/AAAAAAAANHI/rXavSf9kFIg/s1600/Madame%2BBlavatsky%2B-%2BTheosophy%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BRich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCRawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-la9IIgvqkro/VgpPCwEJeGI/AAAAAAAANHI/rXavSf9kFIg/s320/Madame%2BBlavatsky%2B-%2BTheosophy%2B-%2BOccult%2BThird%2BRich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCRawford.jpg" width="239" /></a><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">One of the most influential schools of thought came out of the work established by the Russian Helena Blavatsky.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Blavatsky, who had immersed herself deeply in esoteric spiritual beliefs from all over the world, formed a universal esoteric philosophy which she called 'Theosophy' (Wisdom of the Gods).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">She viewed it as the revival of an ancient, occult knowledge derived from an earlier, advanced civilization which had known a unity between science and religion.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">After the establishment of the first Theosophic lodge in 1884 in Germany, the movement spread rapidly in that country.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">click below for more information about</span></div>
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<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/occult-history-of-third-reich.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-scMW6mezVX4/VgpPsHShhwI/AAAAAAAANHU/eyEjF8OE-Ww/s200/Theosophy%2B-%2B%2BLogo%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/occult-history-of-third-reich.html" target="_blank">Blavatsky and the Occult Reich</a></span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px; text-align: center;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Die Geheimlehre'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In her esoteric work, especially 'Die Geheimlehre', originally published in 1888, Blavatsky emphasized the concept of races as <i>paramount</i> in the development of human history. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Blavatsky, there are seven root races of mankind, with each root race containing seven sub-races.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Fifth Root Race<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The present root race is the fifth, the<i> Aryan</i>, and was preceded by the fourth or Atlantean race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">According to Hitler:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"Creation is not yet at an end.... Man has clearly arrived at a turning point.... A new variety of man is beginning to separate out."</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler further believed that mankind would evolve into two distinct types:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"The two types will rapidly diverge from one another. One will sink to a sub-human race and the other rise far above the man of today. I might call the two varieties the god- man and the mass-animal."</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To Hitler, it was the divine mission of National Socialism to bring this about:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"Those who see in National Socialism nothing more than a political movement know scarcely anything of it. It is more even than a religion: it is the will to create mankind anew."</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To accomplish this Hitler believed that National Socialism must return the Aryan to his original state, for example, oneness with 'Volk', racial purity, and inner spirituality.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If the völkisch movement was to lead the Aryan race back to its purest form, it must, Hitler felt, eliminate those factors that caused it to stray in the first place.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These are the intellect, egoism, materialism, and impurity of blood.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The existence of these elements was not, in Hitler's mind, an accident of Aryan evolution, but the result of the conspiratorial actions lesser races.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This dualism between the Aryan and the lesser races - particularly the Jews - is dramatically echoed in Hitler in the following passage:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"Two worlds face one another-the men of God and the men of Satan. The Jew is the anti-man, the creature of another god. He must have come from another root of the human race. I set the Aryan and the Jew over against each other; and if I call one of them a human being I must call the other something else. He is a creature outside nature and alien to nature."</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In a 1931 interview with a Leipzig newspaper editor, Adolf Hitler made a passionate declaration of the true significance of his National Socialist movement:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0cm48W0JPlA/VgpTRK-afOI/AAAAAAAANHw/pdo4rTcVKfk/s1600/Houston%2BStewart%2BChamberlain%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0cm48W0JPlA/VgpTRK-afOI/AAAAAAAANHw/pdo4rTcVKfk/s200/Houston%2BStewart%2BChamberlain%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="172" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_LAjoNXmQK4/VgpS14MxW0I/AAAAAAAANHo/9gkLZXY_WyI/s1600/Arthur%2Bde%2BGobineau%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_LAjoNXmQK4/VgpS14MxW0I/AAAAAAAANHo/9gkLZXY_WyI/s200/Arthur%2Bde%2BGobineau%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arthur de Gobineau</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>'The Frenchman Gobineau, and the Englishman Chamberlain, were inspired by our concept of a new order - or if you prefer, an ideological glimpse into history in accordance with the basic principle of the blood.</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>We do not judge by merely artistic or military standards, or even by purely scientific ones.</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>We judge by the spiritual energy which a people is capable of putting forth, which will enable it in ten years to recapture what it has lost in a thousand years of warfare.</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>I intend to set up a thousand year Reich, and anyone who supports me in battle is a fellow-fighter for a unique spiritual - I would almost say divine-creation.</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>At the decisive moment the decisive factor is not the ratio of strength but the spiritual force employed.</i></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Betrayal of the nation is possible even when no crime has been committed, in other words when a historical mission has not been fulfilled.'</i></span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://meinkampfvol1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/on-november-9-1923-at-12.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-5mashjq036I/VgpUnHVe-fI/AAAAAAAANIE/sS3n5ToUWiE/s200/Mein%2BKampf%2B-%2BLogo%2B-%2BBiography%2B-%2BExplaining%2BHitler%2B-%2BThird%2BReich.png" width="200" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://meinkampfvol1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/on-november-9-1923-at-12.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">click here for</span><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">THE ILLUSTRATED<br />MEIN KAMPF</span></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is evident from 'Mein Kampf', and Hitler's speeches, that he viewed racial conflict as the determining factor in all of human history.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> 'Mein Kampf'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"The racial question gives the key not only to world history, but to all human culture."</i></span></blockquote>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Race was not simply a political issue to be used to curry the favor of the masses, but the "<i>granite foundation</i>" of Hitler's ideology.</span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler's racial ideology stemmed from what he called "<i>the basic principle of the blood</i>."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This meant that the blood of every person, and every race, contained the soul of a person, and likewise the soul of his race, the<i> Volk</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler believed that the Aryan race, to which all "true" Germans belonged, was the race whose blood (soul) was of the highest degree.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">God Himself had, in fact, created the Aryans as the most perfect men, both physically and spiritually.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since the blood (soul) of the Aryans contained specific spiritual energies, the "<i>cultural energies</i>", or "<i>racial primal elements</i>," as Hitler often called them, the Aryans supplied the culture that creates the beauty and dignity of higher humanity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In other words, all that man calls higher culture (see below) was ultimately the product of the spiritual and creative energies that exist in the blood of the Aryans.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler stated:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-28BfYJcAIM0/VgpZR2Z1bTI/AAAAAAAANIQ/lxMidMNfIIU/s1600/Adolf%2BWamper%2B-%2BGenius%2Bdes%2BSiegers%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-28BfYJcAIM0/VgpZR2Z1bTI/AAAAAAAANIQ/lxMidMNfIIU/s200/Adolf%2BWamper%2B-%2BGenius%2Bdes%2BSiegers%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="145" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Genius des Siegers'</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>'All the human culture, all the results of art, science, and technology that we see before us today, are almost exclusively the creative product of the Aryan. This very fact admits of the not unfounded inference that he alone was the founder of all higher humanity, therefore representing the prototype of all that we understand by the word "man." He is the Prometheus of mankind from whose bright forehead the divine spark of genius has sprung at all times.... Exclude him- -and perhaps after a few thousand years darkness will again descend on the earth, human culture will pass, and the world turn to a desert. Human culture and civilization on this continent are inseparably bound up with the presence of the Aryan. If he dies out or declines, the dark veils of an age without culture will again descend on this globe.'</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Indeed, this dying-off of the Aryans was what Adolf Hitler perceived as happening around him.</span><br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BPec8hc_5bM/Vgpa8nVO8NI/AAAAAAAANIk/32_lUOTB3z4/s1600/Germans%2BTroops%2Breturning%2Bfrom%2BWar%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1918%2B-%2BDer%2BGrosse%2BKrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bder%2BErste%2BWeltkrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="115" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BPec8hc_5bM/Vgpa8nVO8NI/AAAAAAAANIk/32_lUOTB3z4/s200/Germans%2BTroops%2Breturning%2Bfrom%2BWar%2B-%2BBerlin%2B1918%2B-%2BDer%2BGrosse%2BKrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2Bund%2Bder%2BErste%2BWeltkrieg%2B-%2BDeutschland%2BOstmark%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Germany's loss of World War I, and subsequent economic problems were the visible contemporary evidence of Aryan decline.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This descent occurred by the original error of the contamination of the Aryan blood (soul) by inferior races:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FFRUMM7qkvk/VgpZ42a32qI/AAAAAAAANIY/IhGvL5eP6c0/s1600/Hans%2BB%25C3%25BChler%2B-%2BNach%2Bdem%2BKampf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FFRUMM7qkvk/VgpZ42a32qI/AAAAAAAANIY/IhGvL5eP6c0/s200/Hans%2BB%25C3%25BChler%2B-%2BNach%2Bdem%2BKampf.jpg" width="138" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'Nach dem Kampf'<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hans Bühler</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>'The Aryan gave up the purity of his blood and, therefore, lost his sojourn in the paradise which he had made for himself. He became submerged in the racial mixture, and gradually, more and more, lost his cultural capacity, until at last, not only mentally but also physically, he began to resemble the subjected aborigines more than his own ancestors.... Thus cultures and empires collapsed to make place for new formations. Blood mixture and the resultant drop in the racial level is the sole cause of the dying out of old cultures; for men do not perish as a result of lost wars, but by the loss of that force of resistance which is contained only in pure blood. All who are not of good race in this world are chaff.'</i></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">'The state, National Socialists stated, is a means to an end.</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Its end lies in the preservation and advancement of a community of physically and psychically homogeneous creatures.</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This preservation itself comprises first of all existence as a race and thereby permits the free development of all the forces dormant in this race....</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Thus, the highest purpose of the völkisch state is concern for the preservation of those original racial elements which bestow culture and create the beauty and dignity of a higher mankind.</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We, as Aryans, can conceive of the state only as the living organism of a nationality which not only assures the preservation of this nationality, but by the development of its spiritual and ideal abilities leads it to the highest freedom.'</span></i></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler often spoke of an "historic" or "higher mission" of the Aryan race and its elite core, the German people.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The Aryans, according to Hitler, were once rulers of the earth, the highest race of mankind, endowed with the highest degree of spiritual qualities, and the only ones capable of producing a higher civilization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Aryans were, in essence, 'god-men' on earth, but through racial mixing, lost their ruling position. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">However, as its "higher mission," the German people were destined to regain this position for the Aryan race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">To do so, Germany must restructure its political and social foundations, and create a state whose function was to promote the Aryan culture creating "spiritual elements" that exist in the blood of the German race.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2EHrORgzUac/VgpbpL6GOMI/AAAAAAAANIs/22DcagIjBSo/s1600/Herren%2BVolk.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2EHrORgzUac/VgpbpL6GOMI/AAAAAAAANIs/22DcagIjBSo/s200/Herren%2BVolk.png" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'physically and spiritually<br />
perfect human beings'<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">If this were done, racially and thus spiritually pure human beings could be produced, ensuring full development of the Aryan race.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Then Germany would be able to produce pure Aryans, who would be physically and spiritually perfect human beings.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And thus Hitler's '<i>new order</i>' would be established, with spiritually pure Aryans, '<i>demigod rulers</i>', who, as Hitler enigmatically but significantly expressed it:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"<i>having achieved possession of this earth, will have a free path for activity in domains which will lie partly above it and partly outside it</i>."</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This last statement is a reminder that Hitler suggested on occasion that there was a <i>deeper, cosmic </i>significance to his <i>'new orde</i>r'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">"National Socialism," he once stated:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> "<i>would be worth nothing if it were restricted merely to Germany and did not seal the supremacy of the superior Race over the entire world for at least a thousand to two thousand years."</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Even in Mein Kampf, Hitler hinted that such a master race would have to make "<i>the last and greatest decisions on this earth</i>."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Perhaps Hitler's most perceptive and significant, yet little known statement was that the purpose of human evolution was</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>'to achieve a mystic vision of the Universe'.</i></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And Hitler knew that this vision - this <i>union with the ultimate</i> - could only be achieved by the race of '<i>demi-gods and god-men</i>' - and it was this that motivated all the concern about the purity of the Aryan race that formed the essential core of Völkisch philosophy - because only the Aryan '<i>god-man</i>' could achieve the '<i>ultimate purpose of creation</i>'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This doctrine of 'transformationism' dates back nearly 6,000 years, finding its crucible in Mesopotamia.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It was the religious doctrine promulgated by the ancient Babylonian, Egyptian and Hellenistic Mystery cults.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The evolution of man into 'superman' - was always the purpose of the Ancient Mysteries, and it comes as little surprise that the philosopher Nietzsche viewed the gods of the Bacchic and Dionysian Mysteries so favorably.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">They embodied his faith in humanity's emergent deity.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Likewise, Hitler adhered to the religion of 'apotheosized man'.</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>"Man is becoming God - that is the simple fact. Man is God in the making".</i></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hitler</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In order to create the Übermensch - the 'god-man', Hitler believed that he required a racial foundation - and that was 'die Herrenrasse' (the Master Race).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">It is very important to note that the 'Übermensch' and 'Herrenrasse' are not identical, and the former must be built on the latter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The concept of the 'Herrenrasse' is purely biological, whereas the concept of the 'Übermensch' is occult.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The 'Herrenvolk' was fundementaly the 'Aryan Nordic race' and the 'Herrenvolk' was the foundation from which the 'God-man' would be created.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And the Übermensch is the aim and purpose of Creation.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YNPKqpHu9hQ/VgqCRNo1svI/AAAAAAAANMk/JIMSv5_0wqw/s200/Aryan%2BMale%2BSwastika%2BMonochrome%2B-%2BSomatype%2B-%2BOccult%2BHistory%2B-%2BThird%2BReich%2B-%2BRasse%2B-%2BRace%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2Bcopy.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.6px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2014</span></td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html" target="_blank">'The Genesis of the Übermensch'</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Klassizismus, Bildung und Rasse</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The concept of racial beauty in ancient Greece or during the Renaissance in the 15th century Italy was often used as a pedagogical and graphic tool to provide the sense of order and form (Gestalt).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The whole purpose of classicism and neo-classicism, particularly in the fine arts and architecture, but also in philosophy and literature, delineated the rules of<i> </i>perfect racial form and order, and whatever and whoever departs from such order - brings in decadence and death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Heredity and race are crucial elements in someone’s political and social behavior, but a person possessing the highest qualities of his race - but without a culture that preserves and enhances his race - turns into a biological unit with a meaningless life.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Culture must always come as the <i>final veneer</i> on a person’s racial make-up.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Even among Third Reich scholars the most frequent word was not Rasse (race), but rather the word '<i>bildung'.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">High levels of intelligence, and other positive racial characteristics, can in no way substitute for strong will and moral integrity which is created by 'ausbildung'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The term '<i>bildung</i>' refers to the German tradition of self-cultivation (as related to the German for: creation, image, shape), wherein philosophy and education are linked in a manner that refers to a process of both personal and cultural maturation.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This maturation is described as a harmonization of the individual’s mind and heart and in a unification of selfhood and identity within the broader society.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this sense, the process of harmonization of mind, heart, selfhood and identity is achieved through personal transformation, which presents a challenge to the individual’s accepted beliefs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this sense, education involves the shaping of the human being with regard to his/her own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>'The real destiny of Man is something that ordinary men could not conceive and would be unable to comprehend, even if given a glimpse of it.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>Our revolution is a final stage in an evolution that will end by abolishing history.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>It is my ultimate aim to perform an act of creation, a divine operation, the goal of a biological mutation which will result in an unprecedented exaltation of the human race and the appearance of a new race of heroes, demi-gods and god-men.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><i>The world has reached a turning point, and will undergo an upheaval which the uninitiated cannot understand.'</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler </span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-92211188317440427572014-01-26T12:36:00.003-08:002014-01-28T03:16:10.434-08:00Nietzsche und Rasse - Nietzsche and Race<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the halls of orthodox academia, his reputation precedes him.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His name is Friedrich Nietzsche.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet and composer. He wrote several critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Enraptured by his vitriolic hatred for Christianity and enshrinement of moral anarchism, academia has consistently defended Friedrich Nietzsche as one of history's "<i>misunderstood</i>" philosophers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cribbing from the standard litany of apologetics, many argue that Adolf Hitler somehow "<i>misrepresented</i>" or "<i>distorted</i>" Nietzsche's ideas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Is this genuinely the case ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, during their migration from abstraction to tangible enactment, ideas can become contaminated by any number of factors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To be sure, internal contention among adherents, the personal idiosyncrasies of individual analysts, and the manifestly unpredictable nature of reality itself makes an idea's journey towards tangible enactment very problematic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet, was Nietzscheism's journey toward tangible enactment so bastardized by Hitler that it was virtually unrecognizable ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Was <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">National Socialism</a> nothing like the concepts that Nietzsche had in the mind ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Again, only an examination of the delicate segues between abstraction and tangible enactment can answer this question.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hitler und Frau Förster-Nietzsche - Wiemar</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 'The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich', William Shirer recounts Hitler's frequent visits to the Nietzsche Archive in Weimar, and his meetings with Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Förster-Nietzsche (July 10, 1846 – November 8, 1935), who went by her second name, was the sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and the creator of the Nietzsche Archive in 1894. Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Both were children of a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years. Friedrich Nietzsche's mental collapse occurred in 1889 (he died in 1900), and upon Elisabeth's return in 1893 she found him an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche took a leading role in promoting her brother, especially through the publication of a collection of Nietzsche's writings under the title 'Der Wille zur Macht'</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (The Will to Power). </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1930, Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche, became a member of the NSDAP. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nietzsche Archive received financial support and publicity from the government, in return for which Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche bestowed her brother's considerable prestige on the régime.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Admittedly, Hitler was enthralled by the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer - to the extent that he carried a copy of 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' (The World as Will and Representation) in his backpack throughout his sojurn in the trenches in the Great War - and undoubtedly Schopenhauer was a precursor to Nietzsche.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/deutsch-philosophie.html">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher best known for his book, 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung'. His faith in "transcendental ideality" led him to accept atheism.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' is the central work of the German philosopher <a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/deutsch-philosophie.html">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>. The first edition was published in December 1818, and the second expanded edition in 1844. In 1948, an abridged version was edited by </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Mann.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Schopenhauer used the word "will" as a human's most familiar designation for the concept that can also be signified by other words such as "desire," "striving," "wanting," "effort," and "urging." Schopenhauer's philosophy holds that all nature, including man, is the expression of an insatiable will to life. It is through the will that mankind finds all their suffering. Desire for more is what causes this suffering.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">For Nietzsche, the reading of 'Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung' aroused his interest in philosophy. Although he despised especially Schopenhauer's ideas on compassion, Nietzsche would admit that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers that he respected, lauding him in his essay 'Schopenhauer als Erzieher' (Schopenhauer as Educator 1874), one of his '</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen' (</span></span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Untimely Meditations).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Commenting on Hitler's veneration for Nietzsche, Shirer writes:</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There was some ground for this appropriation of Nietzsche as one of the originators of the Nazi Weltanschauung.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Had not the philosopher thundered against democracy and parliaments, preached the will to power, praised war and proclaimed the coming of the master race and the superman - and in the most telling aphorisms ?</span></i><br />
<i><br /></i><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist, war correspondent, and historian, who wrote 'The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich', a history of the Third Reich that has been read by many, and cited in scholarly works for more than 50 years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, the commonalities are numerous.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhaps the most interesting of these was Nietzsche's adoration for "<i>the magnificent blonde brute, avidly rampant for spoil and victory</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While Nietzsche also referred to the "<i>masters</i>" (i.e., noble men, rulers, etc.) as "<i>blond beasts</i>," this "<i>blond brute</i>" was something different.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was Nietzsche's superman, the '<i>Übermensch'</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, many apologists for Nietzsche argue that the criterion for defining the '<i>Übermensch</i>' was neither racial nor hereditary, however, Nietzsche frequently espoused <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank"><i>eugenic</i> concepts</a>, suggesting that he did invest significant value in <i>race</i> and<i> hereditary</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For instance, consider the following social mandate set forth by Nietzsche:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i>Society as the trustee of life is responsible to life for every botched life that comes into existence; and as it has to atone for such lives, it ought consequently to make it impossible for them ever to see the light of day: it should in many cases actually prevent the act of procreation, and may, without any regard for rank, descent, or intellect, hold in readiness the most rigorous forms of compulsion and restriction, and, under certain circumstances, have recourse to castration ... 'Thou shalt do no murder,' is a piece of ingenuous puerility compared with 'Thou shalt not beget!!!' ... The unhealthy must at all costs be eliminated, lest the whole fall to pieces</i>."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Automatically, the astute reader will recognize the traditional themes of <i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html">eugenics</a></i>: Malthusian demands for the prohibition of procreation among certain populations.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Thomas Robert Malthus</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was a British cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. </span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Malthus became widely known for his theories about change in population. His 'An Essay on the Principle of Population' observed that sooner or later population will be checked by famine and disease. He wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible. He thought that the dangers of population growth precluded progress towards a utopian society: "T<i>he power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man</i>".</span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche asserts that eugenical regimentation should be implemented with no regard for "r<i>ank, descent, or intellect</i>", and he insists that there is an "<i>unhealthy</i>" population that "<i>must at all costs be eliminated</i>".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Undoubtedly Nietzsche fear that such "d<i>ysgenics</i>" would interbreed with those of healthier stock. Remember, Nietzsche's remarks are made in conjunction with procreation, inferring that he believes in a definite connection between <i>hereditary</i> and the "<i>unhealthy</i>."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Moreover, Nietzsche's bestowal of primacy upon the social "<i>whole</i>" shows his <i>collectivist, </i>or <i>v</i><span style="text-align: left;"><i>ölkisch</i></span><i> </i>concerns.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler shared such ideas, as is evidenced by his virtual deification of the collective in '<a href="http://meinkampfvol1.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/on-november-9-1923-at-12.html" target="_blank">Mein Kampf</a>':</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i>The sacrifice of personal existence is necessary to secure the preservation of the species</i>".</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Fascio<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">While <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">Fascism</a> and <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">National Socialism</a> are only superficially similar, Fascism is a derivation of the Italian word fascio, which is translated as "<i>bundle</i>" or "group."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">National Socialism (a racialist variant of fascism) is derivative, in some respects, of such ideas.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzschean concept of the "<i>human herd</i>" therefore is a societal paradigm that subordinates the individual to the collective.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzschean philosophy comprises an ideational continuum binding Hitler, Socialism and nationalism together.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is, however, paradoxical that Nietzsche harshly criticized socialism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet, his ideas harmonized well with Socialism, whether disseminated on the popular level, or in a more complex and rarefied level in völkisch ideology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dmDBj9EKpJ0/Ugv4NUsxsyI/AAAAAAAAJBc/EGDctvwMP8U/s1600/Dux+-+Il+Duce+-+Mussolini+-+1935+-++Baron+Julius+Cesare+Andrea+Evola+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dmDBj9EKpJ0/Ugv4NUsxsyI/AAAAAAAAJBc/EGDctvwMP8U/s200/Dux+-+Il+Duce+-+Mussolini+-+1935+-++Baron+Julius+Cesare+Andrea+Evola+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Benito Mussolini</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Interestingly, Mussolini, who was responsible for Fascism in Italy, read Nietzsche extensively.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1938, Hitler bequeathed a copy of Nietzsche's 'Collected Works' to Mussolini on the Brenner Pass. Although socialism clearly was not the apple of Nietzsche's eye, its inherent collectivism synchronized very well with the doctrine of the "<i>human herd</i>."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to the continuity of political and social thought that pervaded völkisch socialism, Nietzsche also provided a religious component.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The infamous declaration, "<i>God is dead</i>," is but a segue for the introduction of a '<i>new god'</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This god has had numerous manifestations, as is evidenced by the following delineation by W. Warren Wagar:</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">'Nineteenth-and early twentieth-century thought teems with time-bound emergent deities. Scores of thinkers preached some sort of faith in what is potential in time, in place of the traditional Christian and mystical faith in a power outside of time.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hegel's 'Weltgeist', Comte's 'Humanite', Spencer's 'organismic humanity' inevitably improving itself by the laws of evolution, Nietzsche's doctrine of 'superhumanity', the conception of a finite God given currency by J.S. Mill, Hastings Rashdall, and William James, the 'vitalism' of Bergson and Shaw, the 'emergent evolutionism' of Samuel Alexander and Lloyd Morgan, the theories of 'divine immanence' in the liberal movement in Protestant theology, - all are exhibits in evidence of the influence chiefly of evolutionary thinking, both before and after Darwin, in Western intellectual history.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The faith of progress itself - especially the idea of progress as built into the evolutionary scheme of things- is in every way the psychological equivalent of religion.'</span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Walter Warren Wagar </td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Walter Warren Wagar (June 5, 1932 Baltimore, Maryland – November 16, 2004 Vestal, New York), better known as W. Warren Wagar, was an American historian and futures studies scholar.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche's Ubermensch was but one more link in this ideational chain.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The thematic continuity is a religious faith in humanity's evolutionary ascent towards <i>apotheosis</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is by no means new.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This doctrine of <i>transformationism</i> dates back nearly 6,000 years, finding its crucible in Mesopotamia.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was the religious doctrine promulgated by the ancient Babylonian, <a href="http://thebooksoffoundation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-books-of-foundation-books-of.html" target="_blank">Egyptian </a>and <a href="http://thebooksoffoundation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-books-of-foundation-books-of.html" target="_blank">Hellenistic Mystery</a> cults.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Masonic scholar W L Wilmshurst verifies this contention: "<i>This - the evolution of man into superman - was always the purpose of the <a href="http://thebooksoffoundation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-books-of-foundation-books-of.html" target="_blank">ancient Mysteries</a></i>".</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-osTqurjToX0/Ugv5fhBdmKI/AAAAAAAAJBw/LJXyrG_yPDk/s1600/Walter+Leslie+Wilmshurst+-+Nietzsche+und+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-osTqurjToX0/Ugv5fhBdmKI/AAAAAAAAJBw/LJXyrG_yPDk/s200/Walter+Leslie+Wilmshurst+-+Nietzsche+und+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="162" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Walter Leslie Wilmshurst</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Walter Leslie Wilmshurst (22 June 1867 – 10 July 1939) was an English author and Freemason. He published four books on English Freemasonry and submitted articles to The Occult Review magazine.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It comes as little surprise that Nietzsche viewed the gods of the <a href="http://thebooksoffoundation.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/the-books-of-foundation-books-of.html" target="_blank">Bacchic and Dionysian Mysteries</a> so favorably.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They embodied his religious faith in humanity's emergent deity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Likewise, Hitler adhered to the religion of '<i>apotheosized man'</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xVbLiRCLM6w/Ugv5xw6G2GI/AAAAAAAAJB4/p7xHmVRRHb4/s1600/hermann+rauschning+-+Gespr%C3%A4che+mit+Hitler+-+Hitler+Speaks+-+Danzig+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xVbLiRCLM6w/Ugv5xw6G2GI/AAAAAAAAJB4/p7xHmVRRHb4/s200/hermann+rauschning+-+Gespr%C3%A4che+mit+Hitler+-+Hitler+Speaks+-+Danzig+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hermann Rauschning</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Hitler Speaks, Hermann Rauschning quotes Hitler as having declared:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html">Man is becoming God - that is the simple fact. Man is God in the making</a></i>".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In his coming kingdom of deified humanity, the Führer envisioned a system where the "god-man" justifiably ruled the "mass of lower humanity".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This was in many ways derivative of Nietzsche's racialist vision for the future.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 'Der Wille zur Macht' (The Will to Power), Nietzsche declares:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"<i>A daring and ruling race is building itself up... The aim should be to prepare a transvaluation of values for this new man, - most highly gifted in intellect and will. This man - and the elite around him will become the 'lords of the earth</i>'".</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Again, Nietzsche is speaking about a specific <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/hitler-and-jews.html" target="_blank">'rasse' <i>race</i></a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The racialist context is obvious and incontrovertible.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, Nietzsche's prophecy would become central to Hitler's ultimate objectives.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shirer writes:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4LpfFm4Wtkk/Ugv8UGc_TWI/AAAAAAAAJCs/7i-wjqJlDMw/s1600/Aryan+Male+-+Somatype+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4LpfFm4Wtkk/Ugv8UGc_TWI/AAAAAAAAJCs/7i-wjqJlDMw/s200/Aryan+Male+-+Somatype+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="200" width="144" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">'<a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/the-genisis-of-ubermensch.html">Übermensch'</a><br />
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Such ideas from one of Germany's most original minds must have struck a responsive chord in Hitler's mind. At any rate he adopted them for his own. "Lords of the Earth" is a familiar expression in 'Mein Kampf'.</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche's apologists argue that the philosopher's anti-nationalism was irreconcilable with <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">National Socialism</a>'s fervent nationalist rhetoric.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, Nietzsche "<i>even toyed with the idea of European union and world government</i>".</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet, so did Hitler !</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact, Hitler confessed that his ostensible nationalism was but the means to just such an end:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"I had to encourage 'national' feelings for reasons of expediency; but I was already aware that the 'nation' idea could only have a temporary value. The day will come when even here in Germany when what is known as 'nationalism' will practically have ceased to exist. What will take its place in the world will be a universal society of masters and overlords."</span></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So Adolf Hitler was, in actuality, an internationalist and a globalist.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler was only taking Nietzsche's philosophy to its logical conclusion: a world oligarchy governed by a supranational Aryan elite.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche was an <i>elitist</i> and his aristocracy was the '<i>Übermensch</i>', which represented the <i>pinnacle of evolution</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cluGGSUwaUo/Ugv6P3emMVI/AAAAAAAAJCA/USMfBsOZq3I/s1600/Dead+Sea+Scrolls+-+Essenes+-+Gnosticism+-+Lord+of+the+Harvest+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cluGGSUwaUo/Ugv6P3emMVI/AAAAAAAAJCA/USMfBsOZq3I/s200/Dead+Sea+Scrolls+-+Essenes+-+Gnosticism+-+Lord+of+the+Harvest+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="183" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/third-reich-and-gnosticism.html" target="_blank">Gnostic Scrolls</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At this evolutionary plateau, the <i>'Übermensch'</i> would "<i>overcome</i>" his own humanity.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For both Nietzsche and Hitler, this post-human condition represented <i>godhood</i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inherent in this belief are Nietzsche's <i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/third-reich-and-gnosticism.html" target="_blank">Gnostic</a></i> tendencies.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The triumph of the '<i>Übermensch</i>' over humanity reiterates the<i> Gnostic</i> theme of man as a higher being <i>fettered</i> by a corporeal prison (i.e., the body).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche's own version of <i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/third-reich-and-gnosticism.html" target="_blank">Gnosis</a></i> (revelatory experience) is the "<i>transvaluation of values,</i>" and the <i>enthronement of self</i> as the final moral authority.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a <i>Gnostic</i> context, Nietzsche's concept of <i>self-deification</i> is analogous to the transformation of man's sensate being.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a Nietzschean context, <i><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/third-reich-and-gnosticism.html" target="_blank">Gnosticism</a>'s</i> " <i>immanentized eschaton</i>" becomes the governance of the "l<i>ords of the earth.</i>"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Not surprisingly, Hitler shared Nietzsche's Gnostic views</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nWvk42ttl_0/Ugv6v_tePKI/AAAAAAAAJCQ/CL83q0_pBYk/s1600/Monastery+Lambach+-++Hitler+-+Kubizek+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nWvk42ttl_0/Ugv6v_tePKI/AAAAAAAAJCQ/CL83q0_pBYk/s200/Monastery+Lambach+-++Hitler+-+Kubizek+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="149" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/case-of-adolf-hitler-hitlers-early-life.html">Das Kloster von Lambach</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-36c1ZeKuU3w/Ugv6g9Eh65I/AAAAAAAAJCI/ZPy5sh73hHo/s1600/Lambach+Abbey+-+Swastika+-+Abbot+Hagen+-++Mein+Kampf+-+Adolf+Hitler.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-36c1ZeKuU3w/Ugv6g9Eh65I/AAAAAAAAJCI/ZPy5sh73hHo/s200/Lambach+Abbey+-+Swastika+-+Abbot+Hagen+-++Mein+Kampf+-+Adolf+Hitler.png" height="156" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/case-of-adolf-hitler-hitlers-early-life.html">Lambach Hakenkreuz</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No doubt, these inclinations were related to Hitler's attendance at <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/case-of-adolf-hitler-hitlers-early-life.html">Benedictine Abby in Lambach</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adorned by the occult symbol of the swastika, the Abby was little more than a <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/third-reich-and-gnosticism.html" target="_blank">Gnostic Mystery</a> school.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The average German who was not initiated into esoteric culture was incapable of recognizing the semiotic <i>Gnosticism </i>that pervaded the Abby.</span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hCrze54xFS8/Ugv7ka4DmoI/AAAAAAAAJCg/djiqVaXq02g/s1600/Lanz+von+Liebenfels+2+-+)ccult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hCrze54xFS8/Ugv7ka4DmoI/AAAAAAAAJCg/djiqVaXq02g/s200/Lanz+von+Liebenfels+2+-+)ccult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="171" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html">Lanz von Liebenfels</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pnUkNShwQ6M/Ugv7UPsKvzI/AAAAAAAAJCY/BsCzVhYqJdk/s1600/liebenfels+-+ostara+-+Hitler+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+2013+copy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pnUkNShwQ6M/Ugv7UPsKvzI/AAAAAAAAJCY/BsCzVhYqJdk/s200/liebenfels+-+ostara+-+Hitler+-+Occult+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+2013+copy.png" height="200" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html" target="_blank">Ostara</a><span id="goog_1662232130"></span><span id="goog_1662232131"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition, of course, there is Hitler's own reading of <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/lanz-von-liebenfels.html">Liebenfel's Ostara</a>, and his involvement in the <a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/thule-gesellschaft.html" target="_blank">Thule Gesellschaft</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Third Reich, therefore, represented an attempt to "i<i>mmanentize the eschaton</i>", and tangibly enact Nietzsche's own <i>Gnostic</i> realm of the <i>Übermensch</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shirer, like many scholars, claims that Nietzsche was never an anti-Semite.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet, Nietzsche considered Christianity as inextricably linked with Judaism, and derisively called the Jews a "<i>nation of priests</i>".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nietzsche's hatred for the so-called "<i>priestly caste</i>" is well-known, - a historical fact evidenced by his own writings.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--b1Oq4gzZvE/Ugv84JlrW7I/AAAAAAAAJC4/q4R__7wrPl0/s1600/nietzsche+-+Hitler+-+Genesis+of+the+%C3%9Cbermensch+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--b1Oq4gzZvE/Ugv84JlrW7I/AAAAAAAAJC4/q4R__7wrPl0/s200/nietzsche+-+Hitler+-+Genesis+of+the+%C3%9Cbermensch+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="197" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nietzsche und Hitler</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LEMU6xpow-U/UgrMeAvkY3I/AAAAAAAAIng/7UExnaqtS3M/s1600/Thule+Gesellschaft+Emblem+-+Occult+History+of+the+Third+Reich.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LEMU6xpow-U/UgrMeAvkY3I/AAAAAAAAIng/7UExnaqtS3M/s200/Thule+Gesellschaft+Emblem+-+Occult+History+of+the+Third+Reich.png" height="200" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/thule-gesellschaft.html" target="_blank">Thule Gesellschaft</a><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is highly suspicious, to say the least.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If Nietzsche were not an anti-Semite, he certainly did very little to prevent his work from being interpreted as such.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Replete with bitter rebukes and accusations levelled directly at the Jewish people, it would be extremely easy for an anti-Semite to find all the justification needed for his beliefs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is time for Nietzsche enthusiasts to acknowledge the parallels between their idol and the development of völkisch ideology.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For some, Nietzsche shall remain a "<i>misunderstood</i>" and "<i>distorted</i>" philosopher.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For those who recognize the ideational continuity between Nietzsche and Hitler, Nietzsche can be seen a significant and welcome precursor of the völkisch philosophy of the Third Reich.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Academia's love affair with Nietzsche continues and shows little sign of abating, yet, a re-examination of Nietzsche's character and philosophy is long overdue.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is time for Nietzsche enthusiasts to acknowledge the parallels between their idol and Adolf Hitler.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For some, Nietzsche shall remain a "misunderstood" and "distorted" philosopher.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For others, they will see the ideational continuity between Nietzsche and Hitler.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">click below for a full biography, more images and resumes of Nietzsche's major works</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/nietzsche.html" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2E_yR5-F56w/Ugvr8Aiab6I/AAAAAAAAI_c/HvCoLc1c9Ac/s200/Nietzsche+Wreath+logo+-+Occult+History+of+the+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://thirdreichocculthistory.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/nietzsche.html">NIETZSCHE - CREATOR OF THE ÜBERMENSCH</a></span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-69326883526926049082013-10-03T12:46:00.001-07:002017-01-25T12:26:08.594-08:00Das Ideale arische Schönheit - Ideal Aryan Beauty<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mUAmPkhhtVo/Ug1ZjMGitUI/AAAAAAAAJFY/9MlpsvpIeK4/s1600/Arische+Sch%25C3%25B6nheit+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mUAmPkhhtVo/Ug1ZjMGitUI/AAAAAAAAJFY/9MlpsvpIeK4/s320/Arische+Sch%25C3%25B6nheit+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</b></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Das Ideale arische Schönheit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SsYMXSvXjGA/Ug2jQvd7hWI/AAAAAAAAJG8/6GbjbMG640c/s1600/Aryan+Beauty+-Header+2+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-SsYMXSvXjGA/Ug2jQvd7hWI/AAAAAAAAJG8/6GbjbMG640c/s640/Aryan+Beauty+-Header+2+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>click on images and open in a new tab to view full size</b></span></td></tr>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0V3rlybvmlw/Uk3p33MJEZI/AAAAAAAAK8U/GfDJx_hfvho/s1600/Alfred+Rosenberg+-+Colour+-+Der+Mythus+des+Zwanzigsten+Jahrhunderts+-+The+Myth+of+the+Twentieth+Century+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0V3rlybvmlw/Uk3p33MJEZI/AAAAAAAAK8U/GfDJx_hfvho/s200/Alfred+Rosenberg+-+Colour+-+Der+Mythus+des+Zwanzigsten+Jahrhunderts+-+The+Myth+of+the+Twentieth+Century+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“<i>It is shameful, but nevertheless a fact, that while there are numerous aesthetics, the unavoidable prerequisites of aesthetics in general, the representation of the development of racial ideals of beauty, has not yet been written</i>.”</blockquote>
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Alfred Rosenberg</div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-06sH4QlPNPg/Uk3qS_-d0FI/AAAAAAAAK8c/AIACPgikqlc/s1600/Aryan+male+2+-+Blue+Eyes+-+pale+Skin+-+Blonde+Hair+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-06sH4QlPNPg/Uk3qS_-d0FI/AAAAAAAAK8c/AIACPgikqlc/s200/Aryan+male+2+-+Blue+Eyes+-+pale+Skin+-+Blonde+Hair+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="204" /></a>Racial standards are ubiquitous in film industries around the world, whose actors are selected, not solely by acting ability (which can be learned), but significantly, by physical appearance (which is mostly<i> inherited</i>).<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yC15wcTq_Ac/Uk3qiWfKi1I/AAAAAAAAK8k/yhmzBCV_kvo/s1600/Adolf+Hitler+portrait+by+Cealdi+-+Third+Reich+-+Deutschland+-+National+Socialism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yC15wcTq_Ac/Uk3qiWfKi1I/AAAAAAAAK8k/yhmzBCV_kvo/s200/Adolf+Hitler+portrait+by+Cealdi+-+Third+Reich+-+Deutschland+-+National+Socialism.jpg" width="163" /></a>This is not a bad thing in itself, as fans want to <i>aesthetically idealize</i> the leading characters, and it is the actors’ job to portray characters convincingly, so it is a necessity that leading actors look the part, additional to their ability to play the part.</div>
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The same is true of fashion and advertising, as a good-looking model is required to idealize the clothes etc. on display or the product/service offered.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BpewdVKy6x4/Uul0zedQcqI/AAAAAAAALPw/REsP3OGwcM8/s1600/Hitler+&+Discus+Thrower+-+Portrait+-+Weimar+Culture+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BpewdVKy6x4/Uul0zedQcqI/AAAAAAAALPw/REsP3OGwcM8/s1600/Hitler+&+Discus+Thrower+-+Portrait+-+Weimar+Culture+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="294" /></a></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“<i>Those who have a beautiful physique should be brought into the foreground, so that they might encourage the development of a beautiful bodily form among the people in general</i>.”</blockquote>
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Adolf Hitler</div>
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Physical appearance depends on how closely a person represents a<i> racial archetype</i>.</div>
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Plain people are nowhere near any archetype; striking people approximate some archetypes.</div>
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Which archetype we aspire towards reflects our <i>racial idealism</i>.</div>
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We can recognize nearness to an archetype, hence have our attention drawn to that person among a crowd of plainer people, but if we dislike the archetype itself, we will feel disgust rather than admiration.</div>
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This is no different than when we read a well-written essay promoting ignoble ideas; the skilful language only adds to our revulsion towards the barbaric content.</div>
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Only those whose type approximate an archetype that we like will be found beautiful by us.</div>
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Not surprisingly, people of Aryan descent, are found to like <i>Aryan archetypes</i>.</div>
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In Hitler’s words:<br />
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“<i>The differences between the various peoples should not prevent us from recognizing the community of race which unites them on a higher plane</i>.”</blockquote>
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According to this way of thinking, racial idealism is about quality, <i>not</i> ethnicity.</div>
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“<i>The body expresses our very being. The striving for beauty is inborn among the Aryan</i>.”<br />
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Baldur von Schirach</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GqMK8T3Ti50/UpZzi_Uu23I/AAAAAAAALDg/0k2IalIeNos/s1600/Neanderthal+-+Biogenesis+-+Books+of+Foundation+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GqMK8T3Ti50/UpZzi_Uu23I/AAAAAAAALDg/0k2IalIeNos/s200/Neanderthal+-+Biogenesis+-+Books+of+Foundation+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="236" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> The “Neanderthal look”</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AarglrX-xoM/UpZzLuZSOAI/AAAAAAAALDY/t3I_2yEuTvI/s1600/Aryan+Nordic+Face+-++UFO+Mystery+Meaning+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AarglrX-xoM/UpZzLuZSOAI/AAAAAAAALDY/t3I_2yEuTvI/s200/Aryan+Nordic+Face+-++UFO+Mystery+Meaning+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The “Aryan look”</td></tr>
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The “<i>Aryan look</i>” is characterized as being as far removed from the “<i>Neanderthal (</i>Jewish and Negroid)<i> look</i>” (ie. low crown, sloping forehead, heavy brow ridge, heavy nose, heavy jaw and chin) as possible. </div>
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'<i>Neanderthal'</i> type physiques are on average <i>less </i>neotenous than Homo Sapiens.<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Neoteny - also called juvenilization, is one of the three ways by which paedomorphism can arise. Paedomorphism or paedomorphosis is the <i>retention</i> by adults of traits previously seen only in the <i>young.</i> In neoteny, the physiological (or somatic - bodily) development of an individual is slowed or delayed. This processes is referred to as paedomorphism. Ultimately this process results in the <i>retention</i>, in the adults of a species, of<i> juvenile </i>physical characteristics well into maturity.</span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The word neoteny is borrowed from the German Neotenie, the latter constructed from the Greek νέος (neos, young) and τείνειν (teínein, to extend). The adjective form of the word is either "neotenic" or "neotenous"</span></blockquote>
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The qualitative reason why some value a high crown, high forehead, minimal brow ridge, light nose, light jaw and light chin is because these approximate<i> the condition in which we were born</i>, - they are <i>neotenous</i> - when our crowns and foreheads dominated our skull and were actually open - the only condition that supposedly allows the “<i>halo</i>” and the “<i>third eye</i>” (<i>both aids to transcending the material world)</i> to operate freely.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</b><br />
The Third Eye</td></tr>
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While this condition is lost as soon as the skull sutures close, having a high crown and forehead at least leaves<i> marginally </i>more room inside the skull in the corresponding locations.</div>
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Once these close, we start accepting the world.</div>
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Maintaining our <i>idealism</i> hereafter requires active struggle.</div>
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Note that cranial capacity is a different measurement, and therefore irrelevant.</div>
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What matters to us is not the<i> total</i> volume, but rather the<i> layout</i>.</div>
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A skull with a sloping forehead can have a larger cranial capacity than a skull with a high forehead, but whereas cranial capacity correlates merely with IQ test scores, and other non-moral attributes, it is the high forehead that correlates with <i>nobility</i> - the <i>essence</i> of Aryanism - note that Aryan means '<i>noble</i>'. </div>
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It is for this reason that the term “<i>high-brow</i>” (ie. non-sloping forehead with no brow ridge) originally referred to Aryan skull shape, and its association with <i>moral idealism</i>.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Neotenous Aryan Face</td></tr>
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Neoteny is not to be confused with paedomorphy, or “baby-faced” appearance.</div>
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Many adults described as “baby-faced”, usually with shorter round or square face shapes, look very different from how they looked as children, and in many cases only started looking ”<i>baby-faced</i>” after puberty.</div>
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Such types are paedomorphic, but <i>not</i> neotenous.</div>
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The neotenous, usually with a longer oval face shape, are those who as adults retain to a greater extent the look they had as children, in other words those upon whom maturation had a relatively light effect (which also implies lower sexual dimorphism).</div>
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The difference between neoteny and paedomorphy becomes most obvious at middle age, when the paedomorphic start appearing visibly worn out, while the neotenous still look <i>youthful</i>.</div>
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It is notoriously difficult to guess the age of people with Aryan bone structure.</div>
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The opposite error is to assume that a long face is automatically an Aryan face.</div>
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Nothing could be further from the truth.</div>
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There are plenty of long faces, with heavy, non-neotenous facial features which are most definitely non-Aryan.</div>
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Such faces are usually oblong in shape, as opposed to the Aryan oval.</div>
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The Aryan oval virtually leaves no room for the possibility of heavy features.</div>
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Genuine neoteny is associated closely with <i>ectomorphy</i>.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2017</b></td></tr>
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The ectoderm is the original germ layer of the embryo, with the endoderm and mesoderm being subsequent corruptions.</div>
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Ectomorphy, which is <i>predominance of the ectoderm</i> over the endoderm and mesoderm after birth, is thus neoteny at a very <i>fundamental</i> level.</div>
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Here too appears the parallel with <i>low sexual dimorphism</i>: whereas mesomorphy is archetypically masculine, and endomorphy is archetypically feminine, ectomorphy represents biological repudiation of both these archetypes in favour of <i>Original Nobility</i>.</div>
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(It is on this account that ectodermic healthcare systems (e.g. chiropractic, acupuncture) are more therapeutic on Aryan patients, whereas mesodermic or endodermic remedies are more therapeutic on non-Aryan patients.</div>
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A strong ectoderm subdues the mesoderm and the endoderm.</div>
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A subdued mesoderm produces <i>gracile</i> (as opposed to robust) bones, higher proportion of slow-twitch/Type I (as opposed to fast-twitch/Type II) muscles and a well shaped muscle mass.</div>
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A subdued endoderm produces<i> low, evenly distributed body fat</i>.</div>
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The strong ectoderm itself produces focused scalp hair <i>(as opposed to body hair</i>) growth.</div>
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All these are neotenous traits.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--do31Nx7KHo/Uul64PYf2uI/AAAAAAAALQI/UKy7EGC3jJY/s1600/Nude+Aryan+Male+-+Sex,+Spies+and+Secret+Societies+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--do31Nx7KHo/Uul64PYf2uI/AAAAAAAALQI/UKy7EGC3jJY/s1600/Nude+Aryan+Male+-+Sex,+Spies+and+Secret+Societies+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">lean, long-limbed,<br />
fine-boned physique</td></tr>
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The combined result is a lean, long-limbed, fine-boned physique that looks<i> youthful </i>through most of life, and which is by no coincidence ergonomically suited to the Neolithic subsistence farming lifestyle that involved repetitive, stamina-based labor in a wider variety of sustained physical positions than were required for the more primitive hunting and herding lifestyles.</div>
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Aryan facial proportions suggest<i> ectomorphy</i> to the viewer even though the body is out of the picture.</div>
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The Aryan skull is balanced by corresponding limb length and hand size.</div>
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A particular example highlighting the importance of balance between the body parts is the trait commonly known as 'Morton’s Toe', in which the second toe is slightly more prominent than the big toe.</div>
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While this is a racial ideal of human beauty consistently portrayed in the visual arts, in reality it can cause some walking pain in those who carry the trait, which indicates that the rest of their body is not balanced to it.</div>
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Therefore, instead of saying that 'Morton’s Toe' is automatically an Aryan phenotype, we propose that only the ~20% of carriers for whom it causes no pain can be properly considered to have the Aryan phenotype.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xiOMBGYSkT4/Uul7XWp0RBI/AAAAAAAALQQ/F6e318LcPMk/s1600/Classic+Male+Aryan+Nude+-+Third+Reich+-+Deutschland.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xiOMBGYSkT4/Uul7XWp0RBI/AAAAAAAALQQ/F6e318LcPMk/s1600/Classic+Male+Aryan+Nude+-+Third+Reich+-+Deutschland.png" width="216" /></a>On the issue of height, neotenous faces are rarer among taller people, due to more overall bone growth during puberty leading to a heavier brow ridge, nose, jaw and chin.</div>
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But this means that a person who manages to have a neotenous face despite being tall (more common with ectomorphs, involving proportionately <i>longer legs</i>) is a particularly outstanding specimen of Aryan phenotype, and superior to a shorter person with a similarly neotenous face.</div>
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In other words, we value height only among the neotenous, not as an independent factor.</div>
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Emphatically, tallness in combination with heavy facial features (more common with mesomorphs or endomorphs, involving a proportionately longer torso) is of no aesthetic value at all.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
“<i>The lower part of the noble Aryan does not oscillate when he walks. When gazing he does so straight on. He sits with composure, without relinquishing balance. He makes no useless movements with his hands or feet</i>.”</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
Miguel Serrano</blockquote>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NEmdIwpOYdM/Uul7to91g5I/AAAAAAAALQg/VujahxaWfwE/s1600/Aryan+male+Perfection+3+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NEmdIwpOYdM/Uul7to91g5I/AAAAAAAALQg/VujahxaWfwE/s1600/Aryan+male+Perfection+3+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="248" /></a></div>
Relaxed posture is all that is required for Aryan skeletal composition to be fully expressed.</div>
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Aryan skin is able to both tan and un-tan rapidly as necessary, without sunburn, due to high metabolism.<br />
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Significantly, many prominent evolutionary theorists propose that <i>neoteny</i> (see above) has been a <i>key feature</i> in human <i>evolution.</i><br />
It is suggested that the evolutionary development of humans is one where we have been "r<i>etaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors</i>".<br />
In addition, a major evolutionary trend in human beings is greater <i>prolongation of childhood,</i> and <i>retardation of maturity</i>.<br />
It has also been claimed that <i>neoteny</i> becomes more apparent as early humans evolved into later forms.<br />
<i>Neoteny</i> is also seen as crucial for the development of species-typical capacities that depend upon a long period of attachment to care-givers for the opportunities to engage in and develop their capacity for emotional communication.<br />
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Because of the importance of facial expression in the process of interactive signaling, <i>neotenous features</i>, such as hair loss, allow for more efficient and rapid communication of socially important messages that are based on facially expressive emotional signaling.<br />
Note that Cro-Magnon humans (40,000 to 10,000 years ago) differed from co-existing Neanderthalers in the following ways: higher forehead, less prominent brow ridges, smaller teeth, less robust bodies, and reduced sexual dimorphism.<br />
Humans have also been evolving toward greater psychological <i>neoteny</i>.<br />
It appears that what looks like immaturity - the retention of <i>youthful attitudes</i> and<i> behaviors</i> into later adulthood - is actually a <i>valuable</i> developmental characteristic, which is referred to as 'psychological neoteny'.<br />
Highly educated, high achieving individuals, demonstrate significantly more neotenous psychological traits.<br />
In fact, the ability of an adult human to learn is considered a <i>neotenous</i> trait.<br />
Physical neotenization in humans has, likewise, caused psychologically neotenous traits in humans: curiosity, playfulness, sociality and an innate desire to cooperate.</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“<i>The most sublime beauty owes its nobility of shape, in the last analysis, to the fact that the most beautiful form is the form that is best suited to the purpose it is meant to serve</i>.”</blockquote>
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Adolf Hitler<br />
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While personality is indeed more important than appearance, appearance provides an <i>eloquent visual analogy</i>.<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YuJW-jWpeuE/Uul7lkxE0MI/AAAAAAAALQY/vn3QnjusLjA/s1600/Aryan+Female+Perfection+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YuJW-jWpeuE/Uul7lkxE0MI/AAAAAAAALQY/vn3QnjusLjA/s1600/Aryan+Female+Perfection+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="208" /></a>Aryan racial ideal of beauty is considered to be exalted in Völkisch philosophy<i> not</i> because it should be fixated on, to the extent of forgetting about nobility, but because it is important to realize the potentials that Aryanization offers.<br />
In addition,<i> physical appearance </i>is seen as evolutionarily related to <i>spiritual quality</i> in feelings of sexual attraction.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Vittorio Carvelli 2017</b></td></tr>
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Specifically, it is stated that an idealistic person is sexually attracted only to those of <i>near-perfect beauty</i>, whereas most people have much <i>lower </i>standards, so that while they too would doubtless prefer a sexual partner of great beauty, it is not a necessary condition for them to feel sexual attraction.<br />
This implies that, in any society where individuals of great beauty are unavailable as spouses to idealists, idealistic bloodlines would quickly go extinct (because idealists would rather stay single than lower their standards), as has in fact been steadily occurring throughout history.<br />
The full solution to reverse this demographic problem would require a highly specialized application of state control over reproduction, but a prerequisite for this solution is a considerably higher proportion of individuals of great beauty than has been currently seen.<br />
Thus, in the rigorous world of National Socialist methodology, the demographic improvement of physical appearance would go hand in hand with the demographic improvement of<i> spiritual </i>quality.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">______________________</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">for more information about the 'Aryan Race' follow the link below</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">'<a href="http://ostaragodess.blogspot.co.uk/2017/01/the-aryans.html" target="_blank">THE ARYANS</a>'</span></div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-69397908717197784642013-10-03T04:01:00.002-07:002014-01-28T03:22:02.684-08:00Sexualität und Geschlecht im Dritten Reich - Sexuality and Gender in the Third Reich<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">Sexualität und Geschlecht im Dritten Reich</span></div>
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It is often thought that National Socialist ideology was primarily focused on removing the influence of Jews from all aspects of German society, however, Völkisch ideas and attitudes towards race were far more complex.</div>
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For the National Socialists, establishing a pure and thriving volksgemeinschaft was crucial to the survival of Germany and subsequently, the German people, therefore, the National Socialists saw themselves responsible for ensuring that the Germanic Aryan race flourished.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Volksgemeinschaft is a German-language expression meaning "people's community". Originally appearing during World War I as Germans rallied behind the war, it derived its popularity as a means to break down elitism and class divides. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Upon rising to power in 1933, the National Socialists sought to gain support of various elements of society. Their concept of Volksgemeinschaft was racially unified and organized hierarchically. This involved a mystical unity, a form of racial soul uniting all Germans. This soul was regarded as related to the land, in the doctrine of "blood and soil". Indeed, one reason for "blood and soil" was the belief that landowner and peasant lived in an organic harmony.</span></span></span></div>
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In order to achieve their racial ambitions, the National Socialists introduced a number of reforms that redefined Germany's existing social structures.</div>
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These reforms also drastically limited personal freedoms of both Jewish and non-Jewish German citizens.</div>
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Moreover, due to the authoritarian nature of Nazism, the regime sought to control the behaviour of people both in and out of the public sphere.</div>
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During the Third Reich a person's body was no longer considered their own.</div>
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Instead, the body was recognized as a public site.</div>
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As a result, established social conceptions on gender and sexuality became susceptible to Völkisch influence.</div>
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To achieve their ideological objectives, the Third Reich instituted a number of policies regarding gender and sexuality.</div>
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Ultimately, these policies had a significant impact on German society.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Gender Roles in Nazi Germany</span></div>
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For the National Socialists, existing social and behavioural norms that delineated gender roles in Germany were not conducive to their ideological ambitions.</div>
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During their time in power, the National Socialists worked to establish their own conceptions regarding gender in German society.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nationalsozialistische Soldat<br />
Richard Scheibe - 'Kneeling Warrior' 1937</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nationalsozialistischen 'Neue Mensch'<br />
'Aryan Man' - Arno Breker</td></tr>
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Like other traditional right-wing movements the National Socialists subscribed to the idea of creating a 'new man' that would function as a symbol of the state.</div>
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In promoting the concept of creating a 'new man', the National Socialists redefined existing notions on manliness and masculinity.</div>
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According to Völkisch ideology, manliness could not be ascertained through “virtues that could be expressed in ordinary life.”</div>
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Instead, a man could only achieve true manliness by engaging in heroic activities.</div>
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Moreover, the National Socialists believed that manliness was determined by a man's willingness to sacrifice himself for the greater good of the state.</div>
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For the National Socialists the soldier embodied all the ideal characteristics associated with the 'new man'.</div>
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Men were expected to embrace the soldier mentality and join male dominated organizations, such as the SS (Schutzstaffel).</div>
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Furthermore, in order to fulfil their racial duties, men were also encouraged to marry 'hereditarily fit' German women, and establish kinderreich (rich in children) families.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Reichsbund Kinderreich<br />
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8VbmSPH_TG8/UdmCFy0cxOI/AAAAAAAATpk/uULLxEXAIFA/s1600/Mutterkreuz+komprimiert+Ehrenkreuz+der+Deutschen+Mutter+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8VbmSPH_TG8/UdmCFy0cxOI/AAAAAAAATpk/uULLxEXAIFA/s200/Mutterkreuz+komprimiert+Ehrenkreuz+der+Deutschen+Mutter+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Ehrenkreuz der Deutschen Mutter (Cross of Honour of the German Mother), referred to colloquially as the Mutterehrenkreuz (Mother’s Cross of Honour) was a state decoration and civil order of merit conferred by the government of the German Reich to honour a Reichsdeutsche (Imperial German) mother for exceptional merit to the German nation. Eligibility later extended to include Volksdeutsche (ethnic German) mothers from, for example, Austria and Sudetenland, that had earlier been incorporated into the German Reich.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The decoration was conferred from 1939 until 1945 in three classes of order, bronze, silver, and gold, to mothers who exhibited probity, exemplary motherhood, and who conceived and raised at least four or more children in the role of a parent.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">It is estimated that up until September 1941 there were a total of 4.7 million recipient mothers honoured with the Mother's Cross decoration.</span><br />
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In the family unit, men were expected to act as patriarchs, charged with instilling proper Völkisch values into their children.</div>
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Thus it is apparent that Völkisch attitudes towards masculinity and the role of the man subscribed to a Germanic ideal.</div>
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Völkisch views on the role of women also revolved around traditionalist ideals.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Deutsch Mutter und drei Kinder</td></tr>
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According to National Socialist doctrine, “...to be a wife and mother is the German woman's highest essence and purpose of life.” </div>
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Essentially, it was the responsibility of the 'hereditarily fit' woman to birth and raise racially pure children.</div>
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As a result, femininity became synonymous with motherhood and fertility in the Third Reich. Furthermore, a high level of intelligence in a woman was no longer considered desirable trait.</div>
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For the National Socialists, “fertility, not intellectual abilities, was the key.”</div>
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It was also thought that women should remain inside the home or private sphere because the public realm strictly belonged men.</div>
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In penetrating the public sphere, it was understood that a woman would not be able to accomplish her stately duties of birthing and raising pure Aryan children.</div>
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In the home, women's activities were regulated to “Kinder,” “Küche,” and “Kirche” (children, kitchen, and church).</div>
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By focusing primarily on the family and the home, the National Socialists believed a woman could simultaneously fulfill her own natural maternal instincts and serve the state to the best of her abilities. In National Socialist society, mothers were also to be accorded with the same honourable status as the soldier in the German Volk community.</div>
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For the National Socialists, in becoming a mother, a woman sacrificed her body and life for the good of the Fatherland, much like the soldier.</div>
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Motherhood was also compared to soldiering in that by brining a child into the world, a mother was thought to be fighting her own battle for the nation, therefore, in embracing motherhood, women were afforded due prestige in the Third Reich.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Origins of National Socialist Ideology on Gender</span></div>
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National Socialist attitudes towards gender and gender roles primarily stemmed from existing right-wing ideology and nineteenth century philosophy.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"> Friedrich Nietzsche</td></tr>
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One such philosopher that was fundamental in influencing the Völkisch view on gender, and the overall National Socialist rhetoric on the establishment of a 'new man' was Friedrich Nietzsche.</div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philologist, philosopher, cultural critic, poet, and composer. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and aphorism.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nietzsche's key ideas include the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism, the 'Will to Power', the "death of God", the 'Übermensch', and eternal recurrence. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves questioning of any doctrine that drains one's expansive energies, however socially prevalent those ideas might be. His radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth has been the focus of extensive commentary and his influence remains substantial, particularly in the continental philosophical tradition comprising existentialism, postmodernism, and post-structuralism.</span></div>
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Friedrich Nietzsche's views on women have attracted controversy, beginning during his life, and continuing to the present.<br />
After his father died when he was only five, Nietzsche was left to be raised in a household solely occupied by women (his mother, his sister, and two maiden aunts).<br />
How much of an affect this had on developing the young man’s lifelong attitudes towards women is impossible to tell, but it would be disingenuous to dismiss it as a triviality.<br />
Throughout his life, Nietzsche had few companions (of either gender), and virtually no real romantic relationships </div>
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He frequently made remarks in his writing that may be viewed as misogynistic.</div>
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Nietzsche's quote on women include:<br />
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<i>'The sexes deceive themselves about each other - because at bottom they honor and love only themselves (or their own ideals, to put it more pleasantly). </i><br />
<i>Thus man likes woman peaceful - but woman is essentially un-peaceful, like a cat, however well she may have trained herself to seem peaceable.'</i></div>
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<i>'Woman's love involves injustice and blindness against everything that she does not love... Woman is not yet capable of friendship: women are still cats and birds. Or at best cows...'</i></div>
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'Thus Spoke Zarathustra' - On the Friend<br />
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'<i>Everything in woman is a riddle, and everything about woman has one solution - it is called pregnancy</i>.'</div>
Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Old and Young Women, Friedrich Nietzsche </div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Nietzsche says much the same of love in general in 'The Joyful Science'</span></div>
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Finally: </div>
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'<i>Woman! One-half of mankind is weak, typically sick, changeable, inconstant... she needs a religion of weakness that glorifies being weak, loving, and being humble as divine: or better, she makes the strong weak--she rules when she succeeds in overcoming the strong... Woman has always conspired with the types of decadence, the priests, against the "powerful", the "strong", the men</i>.'</div>
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'The Will to Power' - 864</div>
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However, Nietzsche's apparent misogyny is part of his overall strategy to demonstrate that our attitudes toward sex-gender are thoroughly cultural, are often destructive of our own potential as individuals and as a species, and may be changed.</div>
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What looks like misogyny may be understood as part of a larger strategy whereby "<i>woman-as-such</i>" (the universal essence of woman with timeless character traits) is shown to be a product of male desire, a construct</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Lou Andreas-Salomé</td></tr>
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Луиза Густавовна Саломе - (Lou Andreas-Salomé), who knew Nietzsche very well, and claimed that he had proposed to her (according to her, she refused him) claimed there was something<i> feminine</i> in Nietzsche's "<i>spiritual nature</i>", and that he had considered genius to be a<i> feminin</i>e genius.<br />
Elizabeth Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother.<br />
Both were children of a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen.<br />
The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years.<br />
There has been speculation that the relationship between Elizabeth and Fritz was so close that it was almost 'incestuous'.<br />
Nietzsche himself only ever had one romantic relationship with a woman - Lou Andreas Salomé (see above), and it is significant that Elizabeth did everything in her power to bring the relationship to an end.<br />
Nietzsche's only other intense relationship (apart from that with Richard Wagner) - even to the extent of being described as 'homoerotic', was with 'Peter Gast' - Johann Heinrich Köselitz (10 January 1854–15 August 1918) was a German author and composer. He is known for his long-time friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche, who gave him the pseudonym 'Peter Gast'.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Peter Gast</td></tr>
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In Basel, a friendship developed between Gast and Nietzsche.<br />
Gast read for Nietzsche during the latter's intermittent spells of near blindness, and also took dictation. Gast was instrumental in the preparation of all of Nietzsche's works after 1876, reviewing the printer's manuscript and sometimes intervening to finalize the text formatting.<br />
Nietzsche's break with Wagner and his search for a 'southern' aesthetic with which he could immunize himself from the gloomy German north led him to over-appreciate Gast as a musician.<br />
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Nietzsche states that a woman’s<i> true </i>source of power lies in her ability to<i> bear children</i> (essentially the power to grant life - which resonates with Völkisch and National Socialist theories), and that this trait serves as her underlying motivation for dealing with men (who are dependent on women for the propagation of their bloodline - their physical immortality, so to speak).<br />
Because of man’s dependence on woman in this regard, the masculine gender will readily deify womanhood (i.e. motherhood), to a higher realm of existence, a sentiment women will shrewdly use to “<i>raise themselves higher,</i>” to a plane of virtue that is beyond reproach. </div>
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In the more general sphere, according to Nietzsche, willpower and healthy emotions should dominate over repression - even sexual repression.</div>
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In mastering his emotions, a man could then become 'Übermensch' or the “overman,” which is a type of superior human being that has achieved self-mastery and has balanced thoughts and feelings.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Italian Futurism</td></tr>
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The idea of the 'new man' was first introduced in Italy by nationalists who wanted to establish a new Italy.</div>
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The 'Futurists', who had a significant role in the institution of fascism in Italy, also embraced the notion of creating a 'new man'.</div>
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To the Futurists, the new Italian man was not weighed down by history “but could take off into uncharted spaces proclaiming Italy's glory through his personal drive.</div>
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Furthermore, the Futurists believed that the 'new man' was to be disciplined, combative, and perceive the world in a way that accepted the new speed of time.</div>
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Therefore, in taking power, Mussolini adapted many of the existing theories on the 'new man' into fascist ideology.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Giovanni Papini</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffd966;">Benito Mussolini </span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;">In creating a 'Uomo Nuovo Fascista' (fascist 'new man'), Mussolini was also influenced by the work of Italian publicist Giovanni Papini who stated that men were to rid themselves of bourgeois icons such as family and love.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Giovanni Papini (January 9, 1881 – July 8, 1956) was an Italian journalist, essayist, literary critic, poet, and novelist.</span></span><br />
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Papini also emphasised that men must be forceful and energetic and approach life in a sober, unromantic manner.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Thus, when Mussolini came to power in Italy, establishing a fascist 'new man' was fundamental to his political agenda.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician, journalist and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1gFeSeeOCwM/UdmibD8IOJI/AAAAAAAATsE/Vpl16OJE_wo/s1600/Uomo+Nuovo+Fascista+-+Mussolini+-++Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1gFeSeeOCwM/UdmibD8IOJI/AAAAAAAATsE/Vpl16OJE_wo/s200/Uomo+Nuovo+Fascista+-+Mussolini+-++Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="148" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Uomo Nuovo Fascista</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Consequently, the concept of the 'new man' became a significant aspect of fascist ideology as a whole.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The glorification of the war also had a considerable impact on Völkisch gender ideals.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After the Great War, there was an extensive effort to redefine masculinity in Germany, and other various countries.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ultimately, the National Socialists saw themselves as the “inheritors of the war experience.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As a result, war became a significant factor in determining masculinity in the Third Reich.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
According to the National Socialist, the soldier represented <i>true manhood,</i> because he was not afraid to face death, and was willing to sacrifice himself for the good of the nation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It was also thought that a man who survived the war knew how to truly live because he defied death, resulting in the idolization of veterans in the Third Reich.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9UxL0DgbbkU/Udmo--o6_dI/AAAAAAAATtM/JArg-gT_AP4/s1600/M%C3%A4nnerbund+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9UxL0DgbbkU/Udmo--o6_dI/AAAAAAAATtM/JArg-gT_AP4/s320/M%C3%A4nnerbund+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Männerbund</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The wartime camaraderie felt between men also appealed to the National Socialists.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To the regime, male bonding was considered to be the foundation of the state.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As a result, the idea of the 'Männerbund' (Männerbund – bond of men; it was a distinctly masculine mystique which became an essential part of SA ideology) was heavily promoted in the Third Reich.<br />
Many of the National Socialists' concepts on war and masculinity were also garnered from the writings of <a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">Ernst Jünger</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For Jünger, war represented the end of the bourgeois era.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Correspondingly, much of Jüngers writings glorified that act of war and emphasised its masculine qualities.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rCozOfOoIWo/UdnKzWHg30I/AAAAAAAATt4/3zK7pMkNM3g/s1600/kameradschaft+-+M%C3%A4nnerbund+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Pe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rCozOfOoIWo/UdnKzWHg30I/AAAAAAAATt4/3zK7pMkNM3g/s200/kameradschaft+-+M%C3%A4nnerbund+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Pe.jpg" height="200" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Kameradschaft - Arno Breker</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In In 'Stahlgewittern' (Storm of Steel), Jünger describes man as being “a compulsive sexual being who proves himself in war.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jünger also states that “for war, viewed from its centre...there is only one standpoint.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is the most masculine one.”</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-el6NjwyyX2E/Udi0zpBdYVI/AAAAAAAATmg/nJtRADk5yF0/s1600/Ernst+Juenger+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-el6NjwyyX2E/Udi0zpBdYVI/AAAAAAAATmg/nJtRADk5yF0/s200/Ernst+Juenger+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">Ernst Jünger</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Therefore, combined with the glorification of the war experience, Jünger's writing had a significant influence on Völkisch ideals regarding manhood and masculinity.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://germany19001939.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/the-nature-of-national-socialism.html" target="_blank">Ernst Jünger</a> (29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a German writer and philosopher. In addition to his political essays, novels and diaries, he is well known for 'Storm of Steel', an account of his experience during World War I.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The ontology of war depicted in Storm of Steel could be interpreted as a model for a new, hierarchically ordered society beyond democracy, beyond the security of bourgeois society and ennui.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cB0LC23m-xQ/UdnLICJiiAI/AAAAAAAATuA/elsE5mSpkY0/s1600/538px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_(Weimarer_Republik).png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cB0LC23m-xQ/UdnLICJiiAI/AAAAAAAATuA/elsE5mSpkY0/s200/538px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_(Weimarer_Republik).png" height="200" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Wappen Deutsches Reich<br />
Weimarer Republik</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
National Socialist attitudes toward gender and gender roles were also affected by the Weimar Republic.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the National Socialists, the Weimar Republic represented the cultural decay of German society.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In order to prevent further cultural decomposition, the regime rejected all things associated with the Weimar period, including the new freedoms experienced by women.<br />
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T-Jt6zeO-jc/UdnM8Jx6akI/AAAAAAAATuQ/iJqni-v0woU/s1600/Women+Munnitions+Workers+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T-Jt6zeO-jc/UdnM8Jx6akI/AAAAAAAATuQ/iJqni-v0woU/s200/Women+Munnitions+Workers+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="145" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Women Munitions Workers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
During the Great War, women were allowed leave the confines of the private sphere and seek employment in war-related industries.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Following the war, women achieved a number of political gains including the establishment of female suffrage during the national election in November 1918, which led to the popularization of the women's emancipation movement.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The new political empowerment of women at the beginning of the Weimar years led to dynamic changes in their conduct and behaviour throughout the 1920s.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IWLch2iGomI/UdnNlRAf0WI/AAAAAAAATug/It-3yd68E4s/s1600/The+Threepenny+Opera+-+Fiulm+1931+-+Film+-+Wiemar+culture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IWLch2iGomI/UdnNlRAf0WI/AAAAAAAATug/It-3yd68E4s/s200/The+Threepenny+Opera+-+Fiulm+1931+-+Film+-+Wiemar+culture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="151" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">The Threepenny Opera</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nwM-EH0O0g8/UdnNUxw7VfI/AAAAAAAATuY/sz70hFisGIA/s1600/Goldene+Zwanziger+-+Golden+Twenties+-+Weimar+Republic+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nwM-EH0O0g8/UdnNUxw7VfI/AAAAAAAATuY/sz70hFisGIA/s200/Goldene+Zwanziger+-+Golden+Twenties+-+Weimar+Republic+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Goldene Zwanziger</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During the Weimar period, women were allowed to smoke, drink, and dance provocatively in public. Women also started to use cosmetics more regularly, cut their hair into styles such as the pageboy and the bob, and adopted male clothing into their wardrobes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since the National Socialists believed that racial purity would solve all of Germany's problems, they saw the '<i>masculinisation</i>' of women as a significant threat.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v6I7v8KBfW4/UdnOz3AWbLI/AAAAAAAATuw/W1rQUiVpmFM/s1600/1920s-jazz-age-fashion+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v6I7v8KBfW4/UdnOz3AWbLI/AAAAAAAATuw/W1rQUiVpmFM/s200/1920s-jazz-age-fashion+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">1920s Fashion</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Consequently, the National Socialists promoted the idea that <i>feminism </i>would destroy the German race, and lead to the introduction of Bolshevism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The National Socialists also denounced the women's emancipation movement as being a construct of the <i>Jewish intellect</i>, furthermore, with the onset of the depression, the National Socialists endorsed the notion that in order for the nation to recover economically, the family must be stabilized, which meant that women must return to the private sphere, therefore, National Socialist ideals on the role of women in society were developed in reaction to the freedoms experienced by women during the Weimar period.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Ideology and Sexuality</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sexuality was also a significant aspect of Völkisch racial ideology.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bOhPiqwIoxM/UdnUu4Fj1XI/AAAAAAAATxo/kc6IpH_W9ek/s1600/1920s+Mercedes+Benz+-++Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bOhPiqwIoxM/UdnUu4Fj1XI/AAAAAAAATxo/kc6IpH_W9ek/s200/1920s+Mercedes+Benz+-++Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="116" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">1920s Mercedes benz</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_apFc1tOKkY/UdnT4m7V6mI/AAAAAAAATxc/GpQSZyBbLcQ/s1600/German+maternity+-+1920s+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_apFc1tOKkY/UdnT4m7V6mI/AAAAAAAATxc/GpQSZyBbLcQ/s200/German+maternity+-+1920s+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="141" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">German Birth Rate</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During the Weimar era, there was a considerable drop in birthrates, from 36 births per thousand inhabitants to 14.7 births per thousand.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The National Socialists attributed this decline to the extravagant lifestyles of Germans during the Weimar period, which encouraged the promotion of the individual over the collective.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the National Socialists, the low birthrate among the German population <i>endangered</i> the continued survival of the Germanic Aryan race.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In order to promote a higher birthrate, the National Socialists worked to control people's sexual behaviours.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T7BI8IocQmg/UdnXhDEkuaI/AAAAAAAATyM/vvhpfVkyJXg/s1600/Arno+Breker+-+You+&+Me+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-T7BI8IocQmg/UdnXhDEkuaI/AAAAAAAATyM/vvhpfVkyJXg/s320/Arno+Breker+-+You+&+Me+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="166" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><br />
'Du und Ich' - Arno Breker</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Under National Socialist rule, the <i>politicization of the body</i> was incorporated in German societal discourses.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
According the National Socialists, an individual's body is a public site “<i>whose purpose was to further the larger social organism.</i>”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As a result, private human activities were given public significance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To ensure the perseverance of the Germanic Aryan race, the National Socialists embraced conservative sexual values, which emphasised heterosexuality and chastity.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When it came to the actual act of sex, the National Socialists believed that people should approach sex with the purpose of fulfilling national goals rather than pursuing their own pleasure.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ultimately, '<i>supposedly</i>' immoral sexual practices, such as <i>passive</i> homosexuality, were blamed on the Jews.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To the National Socialists, the Jews sought “<i>to strike the Nordic race at its most vulnerable point: sexual life.</i>”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The National Socialists also argued that the Jews disregarded spirituality in exchange for sensuality and physical contact.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Thus, the National Socialists advocated the idea that proper sexual behaviours were devoid of Jewish influences.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sexuality for the National Socialists also represented an area in which the regime could further consolidate its power.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the National Socialists, regulating public discourse on acceptable sexual practices allowed the regime to be associated with sexual gratification.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
By enforcing the idea that sex was a public service, the individual would then recognize their sexual satisfaction as being a part of their patriotic duty in supporting the State and its endeavours.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As a result, sex was considered to be a reward for the regime to grant to its supporters.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The National Socialists also worked to eliminate the existing taboos associated with sexuality.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
They claimed that sexual taboos associated with the body were introduced into German society by the Jews, in an effort to disturb the natural order and undermine institutions such as marriage and the family.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0MZAeOnZmwE/UdnZ1Pzi4VI/AAAAAAAATyk/_6kOo9V6I0k/s1600/Karl+Truppe+2+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0MZAeOnZmwE/UdnZ1Pzi4VI/AAAAAAAATyk/_6kOo9V6I0k/s200/Karl+Truppe+2+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="110" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Karl Truppe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dt60E7R6GaE/UdnZupWqCEI/AAAAAAAATyc/riZAxq59KjI/s1600/Karl+Truppe+1+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dt60E7R6GaE/UdnZupWqCEI/AAAAAAAATyc/riZAxq59KjI/s200/Karl+Truppe+1+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="159" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Karl Truppe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The goal of the National Socialists was to<i> restore </i>notions of beauty and nobility back to the body.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In order to accomplish this task, the regime instituted specific standards about how the body, particularly the female body, should be portrayed in paintings and other artistic creations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To the National Socialists artists were to strive to represent the purity of the body in its natural form in their work.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Karl Truppe (* February 9 1887 in Ebenthal</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">† February 22 1959 in Viktring ) was an Austrian painter and university professor. He portrayed among others , Emperor Charles I of Austria and Adolf Hitler.</span><br />
<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1On4Dw72lSQ/UdnejyDiX4I/AAAAAAAATzk/hXKBCF9vURs/s1600/Dianas+Ruhe+-+Ivo+Saliger+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1On4Dw72lSQ/UdnejyDiX4I/AAAAAAAATzk/hXKBCF9vURs/s320/Dianas+Ruhe+-+Ivo+Saliger+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="299" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">'Dianas Ruhe' - Ivo Saliger</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Thus many state-commissioned paintings feature psychically attractive women lying naked in the sun, or in the sea, such as in 'Dianas Ruhe' - Ivo Saliger<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #783f04;">Ivo Saliger was known both for his original etchings and paintings. He moved to Vienna in 1908 at the same time as Adolf Hitler but unlike Hitler he was admiited and studied painting and etching techniques at the Academy of Vienna, under some of Austria's finest artists such as Ferdinand Schmutzer. Saliger completed his studies at the Academie Moderne, in Paris. He returned to Vienna in 1920 to assume the post of professor of art at the Academy. During the 1920's and 1930's, Ivo Saliger developed strong Art Deco elements within his art.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Entartete Kunst </td></tr>
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All forms of artwork that did not fulfil the standards set in place by National Socialism were classified as '<i>Entartete Kunst</i>' (degenerate art), because of its supposed advocacy of sexual deviance, pornography, and nakedness, therefore, by imposing their own ideals on sexuality onto society, the National Socialists presented themselves as the protectors of sexual morality and good taste.<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Degenerate art is the English translation of the German entartete Kunst, a term adopted by the National Socialist regime in Germany to describe virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was <i>un-German,</i> or Jewish-Bolshevist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions. These included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art entirely.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">While modern styles of art were prohibited, the National Socialists promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the 'Blut und Boden' (<i>blood and soil)</i> values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience</span>.</span><br />
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Although the National Socialist stance on sexuality <i>appeared </i>to be regressive and rigid, there were a number of <i>contradictions</i> between what the Nazis outwardly promoted and what was actually practised.</div>
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In order to achieve their racial ambitions, the regime encouraged premarital sex and extra-marital affairs.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)<br />
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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While the National Socialists heavily advocated the idea of chastity, by 1934, members of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (Federation of German Girls) were instructed to engage in premarital relations<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM) or the League of German Maidens was the girl’s wing of the overall Nazi party youth movement, the Hitler Youth. It was the only female youth organization in Nazi Germany.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The League consisted of:</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Jungmädelbund ages 10 to 14</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Jungmädelbund ages 14 to 18</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">- Werk Glaube und Schönheit (added in 1938) ages 17 to 21</span><br />
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Although this directive was originally classified as “top secret,” by 1935 the population was well aware of what went on during meetings between the BDM and the Hitlerjugend (HJ) or Hitler Youth.</div>
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As a result of these illicit affairs, hospitals became overcrowded with adolescent girls, some as young as fifteen, who were pregnant.</div>
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Due to the influx of un-wed mothers during the mid to late 1930s, the National Socialists also worked to eliminate the stigma associated with single mothers and illegitimate children.</div>
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According to National Socialist Family Policy, “<i>the National Socialist state no longer sees in the single mother the „degenerate'...It places the single mother who has given a child a life higher than the „lady,' who has avoided having children in her marriage on egotistical grounds.</i>”<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Heinrich Himmler Reich führer SS</td></tr>
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Moreover, during the war years, SS leader Heinrich Himmler even went as far as to<i> endorse</i> polygamy.</div>
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For Himmler, traditional marriages would not produce the amount of children needed to cement the future of the Germanic Aryan race.</div>
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Himmler believed that with having multiple wives, a man would be less tempted to stray because each wife would vie for his affections.</div>
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Therefore, it is evident that there was a specific duality between what the National Socialists preached and what they practised in terms of sexuality.</div>
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This duality also existed when it came to National Socialist attitudes regarding prostitution.</div>
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During the Third Reich, there was a wide-spread campaign to eliminate venereal disease (VD), which was deemed hazardous to the foundation of the state.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM)</td></tr>
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In May 1933, revisions were made to the VD law, which was included in the 'Decree for the Protection of the Volk and State', and Clause 361 of the criminal code that allowed the State to punish those “<i>who publicly and conspicuously or in a manner likely to annoy the public incites immoral acts or offers immoral services</i>.”</div>
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Those who were considered promiscuous or engaged in sexually deviant activities, such as prostitutes, were categorized as '<i>asocial</i>', or people unwilling to integrate themselves into society.</div>
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The National Socialist ideology outwardly idealized chastity and moral sexual practices, but did not ban prostitution entirely.</div>
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While the National Socialist imposed heavy penalties on prostitutes who did not comply with health regulations, the regime was much more lax in enforcing laws against the establishment of brothels and red light districts.</div>
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Although health care experts argued that brothels and red light districts raised the risk of spreading VD among the population, the National Socialists condemned these reports.</div>
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Instead, the regime insisted that brothels and controlled prostitution <i>protected</i> public health because it ensured that soldiers were strengthened through their encounters with prostitutes because it enabled them to fight with more vigour.</div>
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Consequently, in 1936 the Supreme Command of the Wehrmacht declared military brothels to be a necessity and a state run brothel system was introduced.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Enforcement</span></div>
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In order to indoctrinate their ideals on gender and sexuality into society, the National Socialists used a number of different methods.</div>
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One such method was the institution of laws and policies aimed towards achieving National Socialist racial ambitions.<br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YJ5goaT3bpo/UdnrjpDqmTI/AAAAAAAAT04/v0j0ob9BoRc/s1600/Rassengesetze+1935+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YJ5goaT3bpo/UdnrjpDqmTI/AAAAAAAAT04/v0j0ob9BoRc/s320/Rassengesetze+1935+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.JPG" height="238" width="320" /></a></div>
Between the period of September to October 1935, the regime introduced several laws that effectively eliminated the freedoms associated with marriage in Germany.</div>
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Under the “Marriage Health Law,” couples who wished to be wed were forced to provide evidence that proved their hereditary fitness in order to demonstrate that their marriage would produce racially pure children.</div>
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Furthermore, during the war, military marriage regulations were instituted and brides were subjected to additional physical examinations, however, men who were qualified to serve in the military were declared fit for marriage and were not required to submit to further testing.</div>
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In 1941, the National Socialists also introduced the “Marriage Clearance Certificate,” which was specifically aimed towards women.</div>
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Since men in the military were considered <i>'hereditarily fit'</i>, this directive was enacted to prevent marriage fraud by women whose offspring would be regarded as undesirable.</div>
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Laws and policies were also set in place in an effort to remove women from the workplace.</div>
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Under National Socialist rule, the policy against Doppelverdiener or '<i>double earners</i>', which was first established during the Weimar period, continued to be enforced.</div>
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According to the National Socialists, married women who were employed in heavy industry limited available job opportunities for men and as a result, those unemployed men would not be able to provide for their own families.</div>
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Although women were not entirely banned from working in the industrial sector, they were encouraged to work in areas more suited to their '<i>biology</i>', or to participate in tasks that would not distract them from their family duties, such as working in assembly lines.</div>
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The National Socialists also heavily employed propaganda in the form of images, films, and other media-based sources in an effort to instil their ideals in the German population.</div>
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Like other authoritarian or totalitarian regimes, the National Socialists understood the potential of propaganda to have a significant influence on the private lives of citizens.</div>
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In their propaganda campaign, the National Socialists idealized their ideology regarding gender and sexuality.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Mutter und Kind</td></tr>
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In order to induce women to <i>embrace</i> motherhood and domestic life, propaganda materials, such as posters, often depicted women as mothers, basking in the joys of raising a family.</div>
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Women were frequently pictured breast-feeding a baby or surrounded by children in a traditional rural setting, which was meant to represent the National Socialist idea of ideal family life.</div>
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Men, on the other hand, were primarily depicted as soldiers prepared to go to war for the Fatherland, which emphasized the values of heroism and self sacrifice that the National Socialists associated with masculinity.</div>
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To symbolize the importance of family and racial purity, men with obvious Aryan characteristics were also included in pictures of the '<i>kinderreich'</i> family looking happy and healthy.</div>
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The National Socialists also published various kinds of propaganda literature in order to further indoctrinate the population.</div>
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Specialized women's magazines that informed the reader about the joys of motherhood, gave marriage advice, and offered tips on how to manage the household were widely circulated.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Bauernfamilie<br />
Adolf Wissel</td></tr>
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These magazines also included articles geared towards men, such as “The Happy SS Father.”</div>
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The National Socialists also distributed pamphlets, created travelling art exhibits, and made radio broadcasts and public speeches to further promote their ideology on gender and sexuality, therefore, one can see that the National Socialists employed a number of different mediums as tools in their propaganda efforts.<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Adolf Wissel (19 April 1894 – 17 November 1973) was a German painter.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wissel, who was born in Velber, was a painter in the genre of Völkisch Folk Art, the idea being that these paintings should show the simple, natural life of a farming family. The phrase 'union with the soil' best describes the subject of his art. Wissel idealised farming life for predominantly urban viewers. Exhibitions of paintings of this genre were meant to show the peasants and working class that they were just as good as the wealthy, and that they too deserved a pleasant life. These paintings were part of the Third Reich 'Blut und Boden' (Blood and Soil) campaign, designed to associate the ideas of health, family and motherhood with the country.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Blut und Boden' refers to an ideology that focuses on ethnicity based on two factors, descent (blood) from the volk, and homeland/Heimat (Boeden). It celebrates the relationship of a people to the land they occupy and cultivate, and it places a high value on the virtues of rural living.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Wissel painted many pictures such as these, but his work contains subtle distortions and accentuations influenced by expressionism. He died in Velber in 1973.</span><br />
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The National Socialists also worked to indoctrinate German citizens through the use of educational programs.</div>
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According to Adolf Hitler, the main goal of education was to teach girls and boys about becoming mothers and leaders.</div>
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As a result, the National Socialists established the HJ and BDM as institutions in which young Germans could be instructed on Völkisch ideology and moulded into proper citizens of the Volksgemeinschaft.</div>
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In both organizations, girls and boys were instructed on their obligations to the Volk, and taught about health and racial purity, moreover, in the HJ and BDM, physical activity was emphasized with boys and girls being trained to endure a certain amount of physical activity.</div>
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Thus, members of the HJ and BDM were strictly disciplined into complying with organizational principles and National Socialist standards.</div>
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Educational programs were also directed towards adults, especially women.</div>
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Through the establishment of the NS-Frauenschaft, a Völkisch women's organization, a “Mother Schooling Program” was introduced.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nationalsozialistische Frauenschaft<br />
Emblem<br />
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ujkffTDcYxc/UdsXu2O2FpI/AAAAAAAAT2w/85qu2SVhrp0/s1600/Gertrud+Scholtz-Klink+-+Nationalsozialistische+Frauenschaft+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ujkffTDcYxc/UdsXu2O2FpI/AAAAAAAAT2w/85qu2SVhrp0/s200/Gertrud+Scholtz-Klink+-+Nationalsozialistische+Frauenschaft+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="200" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Gertrud Scholtz-Klink<br />
Reichsfrauenführerin<br />
Nationalsozialistische Frauenschaft</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Nationalsozialistische Frauenschaft, abbreviated "NS-Frauenschaft" (National Socialist Women's League) was the women's wing of the NSDAP. It was founded in October 1931 as a fusion of several nationalist and National Socialist women's associations.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Frauenschaft was subordinated to the national party leadership (Reichsleitung); girls and young women were the purview of the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM). From February 1934 to the end of World War II in 1945, the NS-Frauenschaft was led by Reich's Women's Leader (Reichsfrauenführerin) Gertrud Scholtz-Klink (1902–1999). It put out a biweekly magazine, the NS-Frauen-Warte.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Its activities included instruction in the use of German-manufactured products, such as butter and rayon, in place of imported ones, as part of the self-sufficiency program, and classes for brides and schoolgirls. During wartime, it also provided refreshments at train stations, collected scrap metal and other materials, ran cookery and other classes, and allocated the domestics conscripted in the east to large families. Propaganda organizations depended on it as the primary spreader of propaganda to women.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The NS-Frauenschaft reached a total membership of 2 million by 1938, the equivalent of <i>40%</i> of total party membership.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The German National Socialist Women's League Children's Group was known as "Kinderschar".</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">NS-Frauen-Warte</td></tr>
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In enrolling in this program, women over the age eighteen were taught about their duties as a wife and mother, as well as instructed on how to properly care for their home and family.</div>
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By the end of 1936, over 150 schools were instituted, which eventually rose to 270, with 673 000 women attending.</div>
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The Reichsfrauenführung (National Women's Leadership) also developed a new a branch within the Deutsche Frauenwerk (German Women's Work) that worked to educate women about the regime's autarky program.</div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Autarky is the quality of being self-sufficient. Usually the term is applied to political states or their economic systems. The latter are called closed economies. Autarky exists whenever an entity can survive or continue its activities without external assistance or international trade. Autarky is not necessarily economic. Autarky can be said to be the policy of a state or other entity when it seeks to be self-sufficient as a whole.</span></div>
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In lectures hosted by this new department, National Economics/Home Economics (Vw/Hw), women were instructed on purchasing products that would contribute to the national good, such as refraining from buying goods from Jewish shops.</div>
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Women were also told to purchase only locally grown produce, such as apples, instead of imported fruits, as well as encouraged to recycle old clothes and household products.</div>
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Thus, it is evident that educational programs were an important source for imposing</div>
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Völkisch ideals onto the German population.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Impact</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qZ1_1Y-2QZ4/UdnuZzSu34I/AAAAAAAAT1M/b_1lusMwQxs/s1600/Hitler+and+Child+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qZ1_1Y-2QZ4/UdnuZzSu34I/AAAAAAAAT1M/b_1lusMwQxs/s200/Hitler+and+Child+-+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="194" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Adolf Hitler and Child</td></tr>
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Völkisch ideology regarding gender and sexuality had a number of effects on the German population.<br />
Although the National Socialists considered the family the <i>foundation</i> of the nation, Völkisch attitudes towards gender and sexuality worked in some ways to<i> undermine</i> the family unit.</div>
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Ultimately, the emphasis placed on fulfilling a triumphant form of masculinity created tension between men and their families.</div>
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More specifically, there was, in some cases, a distinct rivalry between <i>all-male</i> party organizations and family life.</div>
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In joining such organizations as the S.A. or Sturmabteilung, men often faced the dilemma of living up to Völkisch ideals, associated with masculinity, and also honouring their obligation to establish a family and father racially pure children.</div>
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For members of the S.A., a man's loyalty belonged to the state and as a result, there was little concern for the family.</div>
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It was also commonly understood that a man's purpose in life was to serve the state.</div>
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Thus, a man could not be contained within the confines of the home.</div>
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This rivalry between the state and the family was represented in the film 'Kolberg' (1945), in which a German officer forsakes the love of an idealistic woman because he prefers the masculine world of fighting for the Fatherland over settling down and starting a family.<br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Kolberg is a 1945 German historical film directed by Veit Harlan. One of the last films of the Third Reich, it was intended as a Nazi propaganda piece to shore up the will of the German population to resist the Allies.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The film is based on the autobiography of Joachim Nettelbeck, mayor of Kolberg in western Pomerania. It tells the story of the successful defence of the besieged fortress town of Kolberg against French troops between April and July 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars.</span><br />
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Youth organizations also worked to undermine the institution of the family in the Third Reich.</div>
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While the HJ and the BDM were established with the intention of supporting the family unit, many youths saw these groups as a means to gain a degree of independence outside of their families and contribute to the adult world.</div>
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Children were subjected to strong parental discipline and scrutiny, with boys and girls often feeling intimidated by their fathers.</div>
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As a result, some children joined these organizations as an act of rebellion against their parent's authority.</div>
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The youth leagues in the Third Reich also worked against the institution of the family in that members were used as informants.</div>
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In joining the HJ and the BDM, inductees were made to swear an oath of allegiance to the Führer.</div>
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Also, in these organizations, members were expected to accept Völkisch ideology and their obligations to the Volksgemeinschaft (national community) unquestionably.</div>
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When conflicts arose between family demands and Völkisch ideals, children involved in the HJ and the BDM were instructed to take actions against their parents and notify officials.</div>
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By indoctrinating the youth, the National Socialists stripped parents of qualities that garnered respect from their children.</div>
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National Socialist laws and policies regarding gender and sexuality also had a considerable impact on the German population.</div>
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As an incentive to promote more marriages between 'hereditarily fit' partners, the National Socialists established the Law for the Reduction of Unemployment in June 1933 which allowed couples to apply for interest-free loans of up to RM 1000.</div>
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In order to acquire a marriage loan, however, the women would have to give up paid employment. </div>
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Therefore, this law was instituted with the hopes that it would remove women from the public sphere and increase available job opportunities for men.</div>
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The National Socialists believed that the establishment of marriage loans would reduce the male marriage age and decrease a man's need to engage in illicit sexual activities, such as prostitution.</div>
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Also, the National Socialists introduced a number of changes to the existing divorce laws in Germany. </div>
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One such change was dissolving marriages based on infertility or the refusal of a spouse to procreate. </div>
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According to the National Socialists marriages that did not produce racially pure children were useless to the national community.</div>
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If no children could be produced either by circumstance or by choice, a wife or husband had legitimate grounds to divorce their partner.</div>
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While the new divorce laws were not meant to be biased towards a particular sex, men were more successful in incorporating National Socialist ideals into their complaints.</div>
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As a result, men were frequently granted divorces against their reluctant spouses.</div>
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Furthermore, Germans who failed to marry or remained childless faced various penalties.</div>
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Un-wed or childless women were pitied in public and in private, as well as subjected to public stigmatization for working against the nation.</div>
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Unmarried men and childless couples who 'refused to multiply' (Fortpflanzungsverweigerung), however, were required to pay additional taxes that amounted to ten percent of their income as punishment, therefore, laws and policies concerning gender and sexuality further enforced Völkisch ideals on acceptable gender roles, sexual practices, and racial purity.</div>
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Since gender and sexuality was a significant aspect of the National Socialist population policy, it is also pertinent to discuss the different ways in which the German population was affected by Völkisch attitudes concerning racial hygiene.</div>
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According to the National Socialists controlling people's reproductive capacities would allow for the growth of a healthier and productive nation due to the purity of population.</div>
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Consequently, the National Socialists introduced the 'Law of for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring' in July 1933.</div>
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Under the jurisdiction of this law, those who were suffering from a '<i>hereditary disease</i>', such as '<i>congenital feeble-mindedness</i>', '<i>chronic schizophrenia</i>', and '<i>chronic manic depression</i>', were subject to compulsory sterilization.</div>
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Between the period of January 1934, when the law was officially implemented, and September 1939, approximately 320 000 Germans (0.5 percent of the population) were sterilized.</div>
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While compulsory sterilization applied to both of the sexes, more than two-thirds of people who were sterilized were women.</div>
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Völkisch ideals concerning gender and sexuality also had a considerable effect on women in the Third Reich.</div>
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Although the National Socialist state was in many ways anti-feminist, they did provide welfare programs for mothers and their children.</div>
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Mothers, especially those who were unmarried, could apply for state welfare, although the assistance that was given to them was not in the form of financial aid.</div>
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Instead, the National Socialists supplied mothers with materials such as beds, linens, and children's clothes.</div>
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Furthermore, women who were pregnant were visited by health care officials, such as nurses, and examined regularly in order to ensure that they did not miscarry. </div>
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Despite the support provided by the state for mothers, a number of women still succumbed to the pressures of living up to the National Socialist ideal.</div>
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During the Third Reich, recuperation centres were established for mothers who wished to leave their families for an extended period of time.</div>
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While women who attended these facilities were said to be on vacation, it is clear that many women were sent to recuperation centres because of their inability to fulfil all of their motherly duties.</div>
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As a result, these centres had a strong educational foundation in which women were instructed about their obligations to their families and the Volk community.</div>
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When these women returned to their families, it was thought they would have a renewed strength of spirit and a better understanding about their roles as wives and mothers.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Homosexuality</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UrHbxDwnnOA/Udix9a7hxbI/AAAAAAAATmI/uYQCH0FY5AU/s1600/reichsarbeitsdienst+-+Homosexuality+in+the+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UrHbxDwnnOA/Udix9a7hxbI/AAAAAAAATmI/uYQCH0FY5AU/s200/reichsarbeitsdienst+-+Homosexuality+in+the+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="196" width="200" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
National Socialists ideology on gender and sexuality also resulted in considerable consequences for homosexual individuals.</div>
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'<i>Homosexuell Kultur</i>' was a relatively new phenomena in Germany and Austria in the 1930s.</div>
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It was only with the growth of industrialized cities in the 1800 that large numbers of men, some of who would <i>now</i> be described as homosexual, began to gather in the large conurbations.</div>
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It is these facts that explain the first known appearance of the term homosexual in print, found in a 1869 German pamphlet '143 des Preussischen Strafgesetzbuchs und seine Aufrechterhaltung als 152 des Entwurfs eines Strafgesetzbuchs für den Norddeutschen Bund' ("Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation").</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The pamphlet was written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny, but published anonymously.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Karl-Maria Kertbeny</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Karl-Maria Kertbeny or Károly Mária Kertbeny (born Karl-Maria Benkert) (Vienna, February 28, 1824 – Budapest, January 23, 1882) was an Austrian-born Hungarian journalist, memoirist, and human rights campaigner. He is best known for coining the words heterosexual and homosexual.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Benkert family moved to Budapest when he was a child — he was equally at home in Austria, Germany and Hungary. He translated Hungarian poets' and writers' works into German, e.g., those of Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and Mór Jókai. Among his acquaintances were Heinrich Heine, George Sand, Alfred de Musset, Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm.</span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The pamphlet advocated the repeal of Prussia's sodomy laws.</div>
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Kertbeny had previously used the word in a private letter written in 1868 to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs.</div>
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Kertbeny used Homosexualität (in English, "homosexuality") in place of Ulrichs' 'Urningtum'; Homosexualisten ("male homosexualists") instead of 'Urninge', and Homosexualistinnen ("female homosexualists") instead of 'Urninden'.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Uranian is a 19th-century term that referred to a person of a supposedly third sex - originally, someone with "a passive <i>female </i>psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men. (This definition is important to subsequent developments in </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Völkisch</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> attitudes towards homosexuality). The German word Urning, which was first published by activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825–95) in a series of five booklets (1864–65) which were collected under the title 'Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe' ("Research into the Riddle of Man-Male Love"). Ulrich developed his terminology before the first public use of the term "homosexual", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anonymously by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–82 - see above).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The word Uranian (Urning) was derived by Ulrichs from the greek godness Aphrodite Urania, who was created by Uranus out of his own body parts.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f93ffIpdoXU/Udl7QcWjzQI/AAAAAAAAToo/A_Yc01fOuh4/s1600/wandervoegel+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f93ffIpdoXU/Udl7QcWjzQI/AAAAAAAAToo/A_Yc01fOuh4/s320/wandervoegel+-+Explaining+Hitler+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="153" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Wandervogel</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dvIU1h45b5Y/Udl6gVJfuXI/AAAAAAAAToc/ziu67Lt5lpg/s1600/Hans+Bl%C3%BCher+-+1888-1955+-+Homosexuality+in+the+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dvIU1h45b5Y/Udl6gVJfuXI/AAAAAAAAToc/ziu67Lt5lpg/s200/Hans+Bl%C3%BCher+-+1888-1955+-+Homosexuality+in+the+Third+Reich+-+Sexuality+and+Gender+-+Deutschland+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="200" width="128" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hans Blüher (1888-1955)</td></tr>
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One of the most significant influences on the development of homoeroticism in Völkisch thinking was Hans Blüher (1888-1955).</div>
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Bluher was born in Freiburg in Schlesien in 17 February 1888. </div>
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He was the first person to write a history of the 'Wandervogel' – the contemporary German youth movement.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Nackt Wandervogel Jungs</td></tr>
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His history was published as a series of three pamphlets, the third of which was called 'Die Deutsche Wandervogelbewegung Als Erotisches Phanomen' ('The German Wandervogel as an Erotic Phenomena' - 1912).</div>
<div>
In 1913 he set up the 'Jung Wandervogel' with Wilhelm Jansen, which, unlike most of the rest of the Wandervogel, was male-only.</div>
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In 1917 he wrote the first volume of his most important book, outlining his 'masculinist' theory in 'Die Rolle Der Erotik In Der Mannlichen Gesellschaft: Eine Theorie der Menschlichen Staatsbildung' The Role of the Erotic in Men's Society: A Theory of Human State Education), followed two years later with the second volume.</div>
<div>
As Bluher said at the time, “<i>Before this book the idea of basing man's existence in the State on Eros has never been coherently pursued</i>”.</div>
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Bluher is generally thought of as within the '<i>masculinist'</i>, or 'men's movement' tradition of thought.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Though largely neglected by historians, Blueher was enormously important to national Socialist Kulture. Blueher was adopted by the NSDAP as an apostle of social reform, and one of his disciples, Professor Alfred Bauemler became Director of the Political Institute at the University of Berlin.</span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ars3QAspF50/UdtD6BnowPI/AAAAAAAAT6s/e0kcx9_9TK0/s1600/Ordensburg+Emblem+-+wreath+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ars3QAspF50/UdtD6BnowPI/AAAAAAAAT6s/e0kcx9_9TK0/s200/Ordensburg+Emblem+-+wreath+-+Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Rasse+-+Race+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">'Ordensburgen'<br />
Emblem<br />
<b style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</b></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Blueher’s teaching was systematically inculcated by the National Socialist Press, especially Himmler's official organ, 'Das Schwarze Korps', and was adopted in practice as the basis of German social organization.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The National Socialist élite were brought up in <i>segregated</i> male communities called 'Ordensburgen'. These are to replaced the family as the groundwork on which the state was to rest</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The <i>all-male</i> societies of these 'Ordensburgen' (Order Castles) were fashioned after the Wandervoegel.</span><br />
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In Germany at the turn of the last century, there were three main groupings within the men's movement: </div>
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Firstly, the <i>intellectual tradition</i> derived from Otto Weininger and the teaching tradition from Dr. Gustav Wyneken, which Bluher was to revolutionize.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Der Eigene</span></td></tr>
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Second, the '<i>Gemeinschaft der Eigenen</i>', founded officially by Adolf Brand in 1902 and which published its own magazine, 'Der Eigene', from 1899-1931.</div>
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Brand and 'Der Eigene' championed the anarchism of Max Stirner, as well as Bluher's theories about the decisive role of the 'Mannerbund' – ancient warrior-band – in the creation of the State.</div>
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Of course, no-one ever argued that these 'Mannerbund' were <i>exclusively </i>homosexual, but rather that homosexuality was <i>not </i>the moral issue it had become with the arrival of Judeo-Christianity.</div>
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Wilhelm Jansen, who co-founded the Gemeinschaft with Brand, was introduced to the Wandervogel by Bluher, where he later became an important leader.</div>
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The Wandervogel and the Völkisch movement were intimately associated with a movement called Lebensreform.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Fruehlingssturm<br />
Ludwig von Hofmann - 1894</td></tr>
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Lebensreform ("<i>life reform</i>") was a social movement in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Germany and Austria that propagated a back-to-nature lifestyle, emphasizing among others health food/raw food/organic food, <i>nudism</i>, <i>sexual liberation</i>, alternative medicine, and at the same time abstention from alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and vaccines<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Gusto Graeser</td></tr>
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A significant member of the movement was Gusto Graeser, thinker and poet, who greatly influenced the German Youth Movement and such writers as Hermann Hesse and Gerhart Hauptmann.<br />
Other groups which were inspired by <i>völkisch Romanticism</i> gradually became part of National Socialist '<i>Blut und Boden</i>' ideology by the 1930s.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Freikörperkultur</td></tr>
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One of the most influential aspects of Lebensreform was <i>Freikörperkultur </i>or <i>Nacktkultur</i> (Nudism), and as early as 1907, Richard Ungewitter published a pamphlet called 'Nacktheit und Kultur' (Nudity and Culture) (which sold 100,000 copies), arguing that the practices he recommended would be "<i>the means by which the German race would regenerate itself and ultimately prevail over its neighbours and the Jews, who were intent on injecting putrefying agents into the nation's blood and soil</i>".<br />
The Nationalist physician Artur Fedor Fuchs began the 'League for Free Body Culture' (FKK), giving public lectures on the healing powers of the sun in the "<i>Nordic sky</i>", which "<i>alone strengthened and healed the warrior nation</i>".<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Han Sùren</td></tr>
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Ancient forest living, and habits presumed to have been followed by the ancient tribes of Germany, were beneficial to regenerating the Aryan people, according to Fuchs' philosophy.<br />
Han Sùren, a prominent former military officer, published 'Der Mensch und Die Sonne' (Man and the Sun) (1924), which sold 240,000 copies; by 1941 it was reissued in 68 editions.<br />
Sùren promoted the Aryan 'master race' concept of physically strong, militarized men who would be the "<i>salvation</i>" of the German people.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hermann Göring</td></tr>
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Nudism was often <i>associated</i> with homosexuality, and this may have been the reason while it was initially banned by Hermann Göring in 1933.<br />
Subsequently this ban was lifted, and Freikörperkultur and Nacktkultur was <i>supported</i> by Heinrich Himmler and the SS (who also controlled many aspects of Hitler-Jugend and the Napolas - Heinrich Himmler, second in power only to Hitler, was publicly opposed to homosexuality, but was probably a closet homosexual himself, and served Roehm - a known homosexual - faithfully and loyally, until Roehm fell out of Hitler's favor).<br />
Hitler himself, while never, as far as is known, espousing nudism, had an ambivalent attitude towards homosexuality and homo-eroticism.<br />
There is some evidence that the Vienna Police Authorities had records that indicated that Hitler may have been known as an active homosexual in his youth - and there are many aspects of his relationship with August Kubizek which indicate that the relationship between the two youths was almost certainly homoerotic, and possibility homosexual.<br />
Hitler was a dandy in his teens and had a dandified best friend (Kubizek).<br />
Hitler wrote a petulant, jealous letter to Kubizek, in which he wrote to his friend about how much it upset him to see Kubizek <i>talking</i> to others.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Emile Maurice</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Ernst Schmidt (Schmidl)</td></tr>
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In addition most of Hitler’s longer-term relationships - with Reinhold Hanisch, Rudolf Hausler, Ernst Schmidt (Schmidl), Emil Maurice and Rudolf Heß - were homoerotic, or maybe even homosexual '<i>love affairs</i>', and that as a youth Hitler was known as “<i>Der Schoen Adolf</i>” (“the handsome Adolf”).<br />
Germany, of course, was the birthplace of homosexual movements, well prior to the rise of the National Socialism, and there were a number of homosexual activists and movements in Germany at the beginning of the new century, most notably "<i>Hellenic revival</i>" movements that regarded<i> super-masculinity,</i> combined with <i>pederasty,</i> to be an ideal.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Ancient Greek Pederasty</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Pederasty is a homosexual or homoerotic relationship between an adult male and a pubescent or adolescent male outside his immediate family. The word pederasty derives from Greek (paiderastia) "love of boys", a compound derived from παῖς (pais) "child, boy" and ἐραστής (erastēs) "lover".</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Historically, pederasty has existed as a variety of customs and practices within different cultures. The status of pederasty has changed over the course of history, at times considered an ideal and at other times a crime. In the history of Europe, its most structured cultural manifestation was Athenian pederasty, and became most prominent in the 6th century BC. Greek pederasty's various forms were the subject of philosophic debates in which the carnal type was unfavorably compared with erotic yet spiritual and moderate forms.</span><br />
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Probably the most significant propagandist of the "<i>Hellenic revival</i>" form of homo-eroticism was Stefan George.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Stefan George</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">George was born in Bingen in Prussia in 1868.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">He spent time in Paris and began to publish poetry in the 1890s, while in his twenties. George founded and edited an important literary magazine called 'Blätter für die Kunst' (Magazine for the Arts).</span></div>
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Stefan George was at the centre of an influential literary and academic circle known as the '<i>George-Kreis</i>' (George Circle), which included many of the leading young writers of the day, (for example Friedrich Gundolf and Ludwig Klages).<br />
In addition to sharing cultural interests, the circle reflected mystical, homoerotic and political themes.<br />
Stefan George, of course, was a homosexual.<br />
In 1914 at the start of the war he foretold a sad end for Germany, and between then and 1916 wrote the pessimistic poem 'Der Krieg' (The War).<br />
He died near Locarno in 1933.<br />
George believed in the renewal of culture through the power of<i> male youth and beauty</i>.<br />
The strength of George's belief in this cult of male beauty is reflected not only in many of his later, quite monumental works, such as 'Der Stern des Bündes', and the prophetically titled 'Das neue Reich' (The New Reich), but in the decisive `Maximin-Erlebnis,' which provided the poet with inspiration and material for much of his later poetry.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mANd2NviZOU/UGq_xTYlglI/AAAAAAAAIwE/6OQk1YvEv64/s1600/Maximilian_Kronberger_(1888-1904)++Wiemar+culture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mANd2NviZOU/UGq_xTYlglI/AAAAAAAAIwE/6OQk1YvEv64/s200/Maximilian_Kronberger_(1888-1904)++Wiemar+culture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.JPG" height="200" width="178" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Maximilian Kronberger</td></tr>
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Some of his most significant work includes 'Algabal', and the love poetry he devoted to a gifted adolescent of his acquaintance named Maximilian Kronberger, whom he called "Maximin", and whom he identified as a manifestation of the divine.-<br />
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<span style="color: #a2c4c9; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Maximilian Kronberger, known familiarly as Maximin (April 15, 1888 — April 16, 1904), was a German poet and a significant figure in the literary circle of Stefan George (the so‑called George‑Kreis).</span></div>
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">In 1903 George, during one of his frequent stays in Munich, became acquainted with the 15-year old Maximilian Kronberger: after encountering him on the street several times, George simply approached the young boy and introduced himself. Maximilian became George's close friend and companion over the next year, and was admired by many members of the George-Kreis not only for his youth and beauty, but for his poetic talent as well. Indeed, George saw in Maximilian such perfection that he considered the boy to be an incarnation of the godhead, and worthy of absolute devotion. In 1904, Maximilian died of meningitis, an event which shattered George's stability and drove him to the brink of suicide. Soon afterwards, however, a new focus for George's work emerged: the series of Maximin-Gedichte center on George's belief in the transcendence of Maximin's earthy life - his idealized figure becomes for George the Stern des Bündes, "one of the new awakened spirits who would one day form the new kingdom on earth."</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">He was idealized by George to the point of proclaiming him a god, following his death... the cult of 'Maximin' became an integral part of the George circle’s practice.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Albert Speer</td></tr>
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George thought of himself as a messiah of a new kingdom that would be led by <i>intellectual or artistic elites</i>, bonded by their faithfulness to a <i>strong leader </i>- (<i>Starke von Oben</i>)<br />
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In his memoirs, Albert Speer claims to have seen George in the early 1920s, and that his elder brother, Hermann, was a member of his inner circle: George "<i>radiated dignity and pride and a kind of priestliness... there was something magnetic about him.</i>"<br />
George's late works include 'Geheimes Deutschland' ("Secret Germany") written in 1922, and 'Das neue Reich' (The New Empire), which was published in 1928, which outlines a new form of society ruled by <i>hierarchical spiritual aristocracy</i><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.333333969116211px; text-align: center;">Claus von Stauffenberg</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'Das neue Reich' (1928)</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> is the title of the last published collection of poems by Stefan George .</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Compared to previous works his these poems are less coherent in form and content, and its architecture looser. In addition to the role as time <i>judge</i>, George becomes the prophetic herald new values.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> Increasingly, Plato , and especially Friedrich Hölderlin become important influences..</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The appreciation of irrational forces, and the ambiguous reference to the historical situation, led to George, to be seen as an ideological precursor of the Third Reich.</span><br />
<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">These poems have always been associated with the brothers Berthold and Claus von Stauffenberg, Members of George's 'circle', and it was Claus von Stauffenberg's disillusionment with the development of the Third Reich that led him to make an attempt on the life of Adolf Hitler.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13.333333969116211px; text-align: center;">Stefan George<br />
and the Stauffenberg brothers</td></tr>
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His poetry emphasized '<i>self-sacrifice</i>', '<i>heroism</i>' and '<i>power</i>', and he thus gained popularity in National Socialist circles.</div>
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Along with the National Socialists, Stefan George had the ambition to revive a ‘Secret Germany’ that would sweep away the materialism of the Weimar Republic, and restore German life to its true spirituality.</div>
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Although many National Socialists claimed George as an important influence, George himself was aloof from such associations and did not get involved in politics. </div>
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Although George was never a member of the NSDAP, his later works paved the way for the acceptance of National Socialist philosophy in upper class, intellectual circles, and his works were approved of by the hierarchy of the Third Reich, despite their obvious homo-eroticism.</div>
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This is not surprising as the core principles of the Völkisch movement were capable of arousing homoerotic tendencies, and many homosexual men were attracted to National Socialism because it emphasized <i>virility, strength,</i> and<i> comradeship </i>to forge a strong national polity.<br />
The NSDAP actually began in what would now be termed a '<i>gay bar</i>' in Munich, and Ernst Roehm, Hitler's right hand in the early days, was well-known for his taste in young boys.<br />
William Shirer says in his definitive "Rise and Fall of the Third Reich," not only that Roehm was "<i>important in the rise of Hitler</i>," but also "<i>like so many of the early National Socialists, he was a homosexual</i>."<br />
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The <i>extreme masculinity</i> of the Third Reich was based on the philosophical concept of the '<i>Mannerbünd</i>' (see above), a male-dominated elite united by devotion to a shared goal.</div>
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It is important to note, however, that for the National Socialists it was only men who engaged in <i>passive</i> homosexual activities who were considered to be '<i>degenerate'</i>, and '<i>unhealthy</i>'.<br />
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Josef Thorak</td></tr>
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As a result, such homosexuals were <i>excluded</i> from the Volksgemeinschaft because they could not fulfil their obligation to the nation by reproducing.</div>
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The National Socialists also believed that <i>effeminate</i> homosexual men were the <i>antithesis</i> of the 'masculine ideal' because they lacked character and mental strength.</div>
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<i>Passive</i> homosexual men were also thought to be soft, effeminate, and unable to express the heroic and self-sacrificing qualities valued by the National Socialists.</div>
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People who were denounced as <i>passive homosexuals</i> often lost their jobs, homes and friends.</div>
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It was, however, not the goal of the National Socialists to eliminate homosexuals all together.</div>
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Primarily, the National Socialists promoted the idea that masculinity was determined by a man's ability to express heroic and self-sacrificing qualities rather than his sexuality.</div>
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On the other hand, a woman's femininity was defined by her embracing her maternal instincts, and becoming a mother.</div>
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Völkisch attitudes towards sexuality were also <i>conservative </i>in nature, although there were numerous contradictions between Völkisch sexual ideals and what the regime actually practised.</div>
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In order to enforce their gender and sexual values in the population, the National Socialists engaged a number of methods, including the institution of various laws and policies and the employment of propaganda.</div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-84990595447066220122013-10-03T03:18:00.001-07:002014-01-28T03:25:59.074-08:00Das Haus Der Deutschen Kunst<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hitler Speaks at the<br />
Das Haus der Deutschen Kunst<br />
München</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Tag der Deutschen Kunst - München - 1939</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Das Haus der Deutschen Kunst was constructed from 1933 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental structure of National Socialist architecture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The museum was opened in 18 July 1937 as a showcase for Germany's finest art.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Tag der Deutschen Kunst - München - 1939</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The inaugural exhibition was the 'Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung' ("Great German art exhibition"), which was intended as an edifying contrast to the condemned modern art on display in the concurrent 'Degenerate Art Exhibition'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On 15 and 16 October 1939, the 'Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung', inside the Haus der Deutschen Kunst, was complemented by the monumental 'Tag der Deutschen Kunst' celebration of "2,000 years of Germanic culture" where draped floats (one of them carrying a 5 meter tall golden Reichsadler) and thousands of party activists, in historical costumes, paraded down Prinzregentenstraße for hours in the presence of Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, Albert Speer, Robert Ley, Reinhard Heydrich, and many other high-ranking members of the government, with minor events taking place in the Englischer Garten nearby.</span></div>
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Main Fascade - Prof Paul Troost<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Prof Paul Ludwig Troost</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paul Ludwig Troost (17 August 1878 – 21 January 1934), born in Elberfeld, was a German architect. An extremely tall, spare-looking, reserved Westphalian with a close-shaven head, Troost belonged to a school of architects, Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius who, even before 1914, reacted sharply against the highly ornamental Jugendstil, and advocated a restrained, classic architectural approach, almost devoid of ornament, combining Spartan traditionalism with elements of modernity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He became Hitler's foremost architect, whose neo-classical style became the official architecture of the Third Reich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His work filled Hitler with enthusiasm, and he planned and built state and municipal edifices throughout Germany.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the autumn of 1933, he was commissioned to rebuild and refurnish the Chancellery residence in Berlin. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Hitler and Frau Troost<br />
at the Haus der Deutschen Kunst</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Along with other architects, Troost planned and built State and municipal edifices throughout the country, including new administrative offices, social buildings for workers and bridges across the main highways.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the many structures he planned before his death was the 'House of German Art' in Munich, intended to be a great temple for a "true, eternal art of the German people". Hitler's relationship to Troost was that of a pupil to an admired teacher.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler frequently declared, according to Speer, that "he first learned what architecture was from Troost"'.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The architect's death on 21 January 1934, after a severe illness, was a painful blow, but Hitler remained close to his widow Gerdy Troost, whose architectural taste frequently coincided with his own, which made her "a kind of arbiter of art in Munich."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hitler posthumously awarded Troost the German National Prize for Art and Science in 1936.</span></div>
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Interior - Prof Paul Troost</td></tr>
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Main Fascade - Prof Paul Troost</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Ehrentempel ("honor temples") were two structures in Munich, erected in 1935,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">housing the sarcophagi of the sixteen members of the party</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">who had been killed in the failed Munich Putsch.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The martyrs of the movement were in heavy black sarcophagi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in such a way as to be exposed to rain and sun from the open roof.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The pedestals of the temples are seventy feet wide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The columns of the structures each extended twenty-three feet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The combined weight of the sarcophagi was over 2,900 pounds.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Ehrentempel - Königsplatz - München - Paul Troost</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kufQBtptby8/Ugtf9hcPzcI/AAAAAAAAIwI/gLqnwbX_eDo/s1600/Ehrentempel+colour+-+Paul+Troost+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kufQBtptby8/Ugtf9hcPzcI/AAAAAAAAIwI/gLqnwbX_eDo/s320/Ehrentempel+colour+-+Paul+Troost+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Ehrentempel - Königsplatz - München - Paul Troost</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">click below for more information and images</span></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/architektur-im-dritten-reich.html" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lsxka33NIq4/UgvAbX8Va6I/AAAAAAAAI_I/h3Ob-nsapPI/s200/Architecture+Logo.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/architektur-im-dritten-reich.html" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/architektur-im-dritten-reich.html">Architektur im Dritten Reich</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XVTF5QJgirE/UgtkJJDvRXI/AAAAAAAAIwg/pgxJEW8hWWI/s1600/Painting+-+Text.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XVTF5QJgirE/UgtkJJDvRXI/AAAAAAAAIwg/pgxJEW8hWWI/s1600/Painting+-+Text.png" /></a></div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C36ChOelccY/UgtGcsyDQWI/AAAAAAAAIrg/dD4WMpEyHVI/s1600/Zeitungsleser+-+Otto+Kirchner+%25281887+%25E2%2580%2593+1960%2529+-+Third+Reich+-+National+Socialism+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C36ChOelccY/UgtGcsyDQWI/AAAAAAAAIrg/dD4WMpEyHVI/s320/Zeitungsleser+-+Otto+Kirchner+%25281887+%25E2%2580%2593+1960%2529+-+Third+Reich+-+National+Socialism+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="236" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Zeitungsleser<br />
Otto Kirchner (1887 – 1960)</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZlGiXvhtHvs/UgtkfuWFmWI/AAAAAAAAIwo/X7O-1NxalqA/s1600/Sepp+Hilz+-+B%C3%A4uerliche+Venus,+1939.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZlGiXvhtHvs/UgtkfuWFmWI/AAAAAAAAIwo/X7O-1NxalqA/s320/Sepp+Hilz+-+B%C3%A4uerliche+Venus,+1939.png" height="320" width="244" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Bäuerliche Venus - 1939<br />
Sepp Hilz</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pDiSdR5L0K0/UgtqLfC0aII/AAAAAAAAIyI/UxleDEvsa_g/s1600/epp+Hilz,+with+model+and+painting+'Peasant+Venus'+chosen+by+Hitler+fro+display+at+Day+of+German+Art..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pDiSdR5L0K0/UgtqLfC0aII/AAAAAAAAIyI/UxleDEvsa_g/s320/epp+Hilz,+with+model+and+painting+'Peasant+Venus'+chosen+by+Hitler+fro+display+at+Day+of+German+Art..jpg" height="255" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Bäuerliche Venus - 1939<br />
Sepp Hilz</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wCwqAgqx414/UgtqcUK6vsI/AAAAAAAAIyQ/5iNHH3MvWEI/s1600/Sepp+Hilz+Die+rote+Halskette,+1942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wCwqAgqx414/UgtqcUK6vsI/AAAAAAAAIyQ/5iNHH3MvWEI/s320/Sepp+Hilz+Die+rote+Halskette,+1942.jpg" height="320" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Die rote Halskette - 1942<br />
Sepp Hilz</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z-VdfcRp68o/Ugtkq-8nFQI/AAAAAAAAIww/_qaQNodB09s/s1600/Sepp+Hilz+-+Eitelkeit,+1940.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z-VdfcRp68o/Ugtkq-8nFQI/AAAAAAAAIww/_qaQNodB09s/s320/Sepp+Hilz+-+Eitelkeit,+1940.png" height="320" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Eitelkeit - 1940<br />
Sepp Hilz</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-81E21cA4Ak8/Ugtk9hoQ9cI/AAAAAAAAIw4/9Mu8fU4UzHQ/s1600/Adolf+Ziegler+-+The+Four+Elements.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-81E21cA4Ak8/Ugtk9hoQ9cI/AAAAAAAAIw4/9Mu8fU4UzHQ/s320/Adolf+Ziegler+-+The+Four+Elements.png" height="192" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Die vier Elemente - The Four Elements<br />
Adolf Ziegler</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pL-4ho_bbsE/UgtpnbXxm7I/AAAAAAAAIyE/ScRsYvUts2w/s1600/Ziegler+-+The+Four+Seasons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pL-4ho_bbsE/UgtpnbXxm7I/AAAAAAAAIyE/ScRsYvUts2w/s320/Ziegler+-+The+Four+Seasons.jpg" height="320" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Die vier Elemente - The Four Elements<br />
Adolf Ziegler</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EMKKATnYUCg/UgtlMwSy2xI/AAAAAAAAIxA/Ju9eyME3kU0/s1600/Leopold+Schmutzler+-+Working+Maidens+1940.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EMKKATnYUCg/UgtlMwSy2xI/AAAAAAAAIxA/Ju9eyME3kU0/s320/Leopold+Schmutzler+-+Working+Maidens+1940.png" height="261" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Working Maidens - 1940<br />
Leopold Schmutzler</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NmJLwKtT7y8/UgtlfA3DwiI/AAAAAAAAIxI/zflQAX2gVfc/s1600/Paul+Matthias+Padua+-+Ser+Fuehrer+Spricht+-+1939+-+Great+art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NmJLwKtT7y8/UgtlfA3DwiI/AAAAAAAAIxI/zflQAX2gVfc/s320/Paul+Matthias+Padua+-+Ser+Fuehrer+Spricht+-+1939+-+Great+art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="265" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Der Fuehrer Spricht - 1939<br />
Paul Matthias Padua</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-skHImPkAOeo/UgrI8RLcpuI/AAAAAAAAImg/lXIj6ZzLcBQ/s1600/Adolf+Wissel+-+Bauernfamilie+-+Third+Reich+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-skHImPkAOeo/UgrI8RLcpuI/AAAAAAAAImg/lXIj6ZzLcBQ/s320/Adolf+Wissel+-+Bauernfamilie+-+Third+Reich+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Bauernfamilie<br />
Adolf Wissel</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gXwpQ2d7ijA/UgtqzJa2RAI/AAAAAAAAIyY/T7jYCasajmM/s1600/Erbhofbauer+Farmstead+Peasant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gXwpQ2d7ijA/UgtqzJa2RAI/AAAAAAAAIyY/T7jYCasajmM/s320/Erbhofbauer+Farmstead+Peasant.jpg" height="320" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Erbhofbauer </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jUeQefDaDiU/UgtmNp7CLFI/AAAAAAAAIxQ/jV0AjUnro-g/s1600/Liegender+Frauenakt+-+Reclining+Female+Nude+-+Ernst+Liebermann+-+Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jUeQefDaDiU/UgtmNp7CLFI/AAAAAAAAIxQ/jV0AjUnro-g/s400/Liegender+Frauenakt+-+Reclining+Female+Nude+-+Ernst+Liebermann+-+Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="258" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Liegender Frauenakt - Reclining Female Nude<br />
Ernst Liebermann</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmmZsf263VY/UgtmVL4hy1I/AAAAAAAAIxY/7VDA44s9huM/s1600/Dianas+Ruhe+-+Diana's+Rest+-+Ivo+Saliger+-++Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fmmZsf263VY/UgtmVL4hy1I/AAAAAAAAIxY/7VDA44s9huM/s320/Dianas+Ruhe+-+Diana's+Rest+-+Ivo+Saliger+-++Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Dianas Ruhe - Diana's Rest<br />
Ivo Saliger</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WlySgEanihw/Ugtmh5d9b6I/AAAAAAAAIxg/BNsveze3RjE/s1600/Frauenakten+-+Female+Nudes+-+Ivo+Saliger+-++Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WlySgEanihw/Ugtmh5d9b6I/AAAAAAAAIxg/BNsveze3RjE/s320/Frauenakten+-+Female+Nudes+-+Ivo+Saliger+-++Art+Third+Reich+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="214" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Frauenakten - Female Nudes<br />
Ivo Saliger</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HmnWqPoslEA/UgtrEyEw2qI/AAAAAAAAIyg/HsAjP7LL1Ws/s1600/Leopold+Schmutzler+-+Female+Nude+-+Great+Art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HmnWqPoslEA/UgtrEyEw2qI/AAAAAAAAIyg/HsAjP7LL1Ws/s320/Leopold+Schmutzler+-+Female+Nude+-+Great+Art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Weiblicher Akt<br />
Leopold Schmutzler</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6cthDbDSACM/UgtrlLEjHTI/AAAAAAAAIyo/HrDIdvwuHdY/s1600/Karl+Truppe+-+Female+Nude+in+the+Ocean+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6cthDbDSACM/UgtrlLEjHTI/AAAAAAAAIyo/HrDIdvwuHdY/s320/Karl+Truppe+-+Female+Nude+in+the+Ocean+-+Great+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Weiblicher Akt im Meer<br />
Karl Truppe </td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaEmjTGfvJs/UgtsM_iRwWI/AAAAAAAAIy4/LNtPV0o2XJ8/s1600/Karl+Truppe+-+girl-with-sunflower.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaEmjTGfvJs/UgtsM_iRwWI/AAAAAAAAIy4/LNtPV0o2XJ8/s320/Karl+Truppe+-+girl-with-sunflower.png" height="320" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Mädchen mit einer Sonnenblume<br />
Karl Truppe</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QAiKQ7e3iHA/Ugtr20r5-5I/AAAAAAAAIyw/BHc3HHj9ZeM/s1600/Paul+Matthias+Padua+-Leda+and+the+Swan+-+Great+Art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QAiKQ7e3iHA/Ugtr20r5-5I/AAAAAAAAIyw/BHc3HHj9ZeM/s320/Paul+Matthias+Padua+-Leda+and+the+Swan+-+Great+Art+-+German+Art+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="229" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Leda und der Schwan<br />
Paul Matthias Padua</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Und ihr habt doch Gesiegt<br />
Paul Hermann - 1942</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Alter Kämpfer - 9th November 1923</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6p4LP4iiJTw/UguIXu66qVI/AAAAAAAAIz8/tZ4Gu3xDSrU/s1600/Bereitschaft+-+Arno+Breker+-+National+Socialism+-+Deutsch+Kunst+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6p4LP4iiJTw/UguIXu66qVI/AAAAAAAAIz8/tZ4Gu3xDSrU/s320/Bereitschaft+-+Arno+Breker+-+National+Socialism+-+Deutsch+Kunst+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Bereitschaft<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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Consider Arno Breker's Readiness.</div>
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A muscular male nude with a body seemingly perfect.</div>
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Its debt to classical sculpture suggests that the ideal it represents is an eternal one, to which we must aspire but that we may not judge, while its proportions suggest a calm but obvious fierceness.</div>
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Such unblemished forms are stripped of all individualizing defects, - stripped of their singularity as specific humans to which the viewer might respond. Instead, they are archetypes, with abstract titles like 'Readiness' or 'Comradeship', "worthy" of Hitler's call for an "<i>eternal</i>" art that would express immutable Aryan values.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z05rUzA3Sgo/UguGWthYE6I/AAAAAAAAIzc/cRbGeidETBs/s1600/Adolf+Wamper_Genius+des+Siegers_jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-z05rUzA3Sgo/UguGWthYE6I/AAAAAAAAIzc/cRbGeidETBs/s320/Adolf+Wamper_Genius+des+Siegers_jpg.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Adolf Wamper<br />
Genius des Siegers</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EDU7QaW6H3Q/UguZOlYaiXI/AAAAAAAAI4A/vha72UXSyRw/s1600/Danziger+Freiheitsk%C3%A4mpfer+-+Thorak+-+Sculpture+-+Aryan+Rasse+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EDU7QaW6H3Q/UguZOlYaiXI/AAAAAAAAI4A/vha72UXSyRw/s320/Danziger+Freiheitsk%C3%A4mpfer+-+Thorak+-+Sculpture+-+Aryan+Rasse+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.png" height="320" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Danziger Freiheitskämpfer<br />
Josef Thorak</td></tr>
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Josef Thorak (7 February 1889 in Salzburg – 26 February 1952) was an Austrian-German sculptor.</div>
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In 1933 Thorak joined Arno Breker as one of the two "official sculptors" of the Third Reich.</div>
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In his studio outside Munich, Thorak worked on statues intended to represent the folk-life of the German Volk.</div>
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These works tended to be heroic in scale, up to 65 feet (20 meters) in height.</div>
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His official works from this period included a number of sculptures at the Berlin Olympic Stadium of 1936.</div>
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Some expressionist influences can be noticed in his neoclassical style.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DqG00wkRsic/UguGnyxuDII/AAAAAAAAIzk/x3_2lYn9K8s/s1600/Josef+Thorak+-+male+and+female+Nude+-+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DqG00wkRsic/UguGnyxuDII/AAAAAAAAIzk/x3_2lYn9K8s/s320/Josef+Thorak+-+male+and+female+Nude+-+.jpg" height="320" width="255" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Männliche und weibliche Akt<br />
Josef Thorak</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Murcur<br />
Fritz Klimsch</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v-cO01q81sg/UguHlixmCbI/AAAAAAAAIzw/XYP_ejKdQ4c/s1600/Arno+Breker+-+'Flora'+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-v-cO01q81sg/UguHlixmCbI/AAAAAAAAIzw/XYP_ejKdQ4c/s320/Arno+Breker+-+'Flora'+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="228" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Eos<br />
Arno Brteker</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AOI71Tv3jhw/UguJdifpHoI/AAAAAAAAI0I/TFUwzk2exAU/s1600/Richard+Scheibe,+Kneeling+Warrior+1937..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AOI71Tv3jhw/UguJdifpHoI/AAAAAAAAI0I/TFUwzk2exAU/s320/Richard+Scheibe,+Kneeling+Warrior+1937..jpg" height="320" width="176" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Kniend Krieger - 1937<br />
Richard Scheibe</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Nach dem Kampf<br />
Hans Bühler</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oBgQhRpp-g4/UguUXHLULfI/AAAAAAAAI3Y/ON2rujZGlHA/s1600/JACOB+WILHELM+FEHRLE+1884-1974+-+BAUER.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oBgQhRpp-g4/UguUXHLULfI/AAAAAAAAI3Y/ON2rujZGlHA/s320/JACOB+WILHELM+FEHRLE+1884-1974+-+BAUER.jpg" height="320" width="224" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Bauer<br />
Jacob Wilhelm Fehrle</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8RLHcGEoXd8/UguUvKCwF1I/AAAAAAAAI3g/T5VH2yJ7gCA/s1600/Male+Nude+-+Fritz+Klimsch+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8RLHcGEoXd8/UguUvKCwF1I/AAAAAAAAI3g/T5VH2yJ7gCA/s320/Male+Nude+-+Fritz+Klimsch+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+Ostmark+-+Occult+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Männlicher Akt<br />
Fritz Klimsch</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vkj0OBz_RSc/UguKr1pFgmI/AAAAAAAAI0o/OCFqXvLktBo/s1600/Anton+Grauel+-+men+in+training+-++nacktkultur+-+Arno+Breker+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vkj0OBz_RSc/UguKr1pFgmI/AAAAAAAAI0o/OCFqXvLktBo/s320/Anton+Grauel+-+men+in+training+-++nacktkultur+-+Arno+Breker+-+Sculpture+-+Deutschland+und+die+Ostmark+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Männer in der Ausbildung<br />
Anton Grauel</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Der Stürmer<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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Arno Breker (July 19, 1900 – February 13, 1991) was a German sculptor, best known for his public works in the Third Reich, which were endorsed by the authorities as the antithesis of degenerate art.</div>
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He was born in Elberfeld, and died in Düsseldorf.</div>
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The neoclassical nature of his work, with titles like 'Comradeship', 'Torchbearer', and 'Sacrifice', typified National Socialist ideals, and suited the characteristics of the architecture of the Third Reich.</div>
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The proportions of his figures, the highly colouristic treatment of his surfaces (the strong contrasts between dark and light accents), and the melodramatic tension of their musculatures invites comparison with the Italian Mannerist sculptors of the 16th century.</div>
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This Mannerist tendency to Breker's neoclassicism may suggest close affinities to expressionist tendencies in German Modernism.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sqUO9MzIE5M/UguKTL8CbYI/AAAAAAAAI0g/tcLpIahVSTQ/s1600/Arno+Breker+-+Aryan+Race+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sqUO9MzIE5M/UguKTL8CbYI/AAAAAAAAI0g/tcLpIahVSTQ/s320/Arno+Breker+-+Aryan+Race+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Der arischen Rasse<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Kameradschaft<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hXkhymtSASs/UguNjD2lRwI/AAAAAAAAI1w/d4Rs6TjgyAI/s1600/Breker+-+Der+Racher+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hXkhymtSASs/UguNjD2lRwI/AAAAAAAAI1w/d4Rs6TjgyAI/s320/Breker+-+Der+Racher+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Der Racher<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r3FZJrCCX1s/UguO6d3kGLI/AAAAAAAAI2U/Wu32wmQri2E/s1600/Andrew+Breker+-+DER+BANNERTRAGER+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-r3FZJrCCX1s/UguO6d3kGLI/AAAAAAAAI2U/Wu32wmQri2E/s320/Andrew+Breker+-+DER+BANNERTRAGER+-++Occult+History+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="320" width="242" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Der Bannertrager<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Sterbende Krieger<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwnq9WsWfo8/UguQ2rXiMII/AAAAAAAAI20/myDlmvJlbBY/s1600/Arno+Breker+-+Departure+for+Battle,+Relief+for+Soldiers'+Hall,+1939,+Germany+-+Occulrt+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hwnq9WsWfo8/UguQ2rXiMII/AAAAAAAAI20/myDlmvJlbBY/s400/Arno+Breker+-+Departure+for+Battle,+Relief+for+Soldiers'+Hall,+1939,+Germany+-+Occulrt+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" height="180" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Abfahrt zur Schlacht<br />
Arno Breker</td></tr>
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Kampf</div>
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Peter Crawfordhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03923568525317435111noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9133239236877439229.post-65507962906542707202013-10-02T17:00:00.002-07:002016-12-16T06:29:03.764-08:00Völkischer Beobachter - Einführung<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19.200000762939453px;">the Odal R<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rune">une</a> (see above) represents the '<i>o'</i> sound</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2000007629395px;">its occult meaning is</span><i style="line-height: 19.2px;"> "heritage; </i><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: start;">"<i>nobility</i>", </span><span style="text-align: start;"><i>"lineage, race, </i>and <i>descent</i></span><i style="line-height: 19.2px;">"</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/blog-post.html">Völkischer Beobachter - Einführung</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Racial Observer - Introduction</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Concept of Race</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2016/12/rassenhygiene-in-deutschland.html" target="_blank">Rassenhygiene in Deutschland</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Racial Hygiene (Eugenics) in Germany</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/die-lehre-von-der-regenerierung.html" target="_blank">Die Lehre von der Regenerierung</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">the Doctrine of Regeneration</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2015/11/lanz-von-liebenfels-july-19-1874-april.html" target="_blank">Lanz von Liebenfels - Theozoologie</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">the Regeneration of the Aryan Race</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/das-ideale-arische-schonheit-it-is.html">Das Ideale arische Schönheit</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Ideal of Aryan Beauty</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/das-haus-der-deutschen-kunst.html">Das Haus Der Deutschen Kunst</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The House of German Art</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/ludwig-fahrenkrog-volkischen-kunstler.html" target="_blank">Ludwig Fahrenkrog - Völkischen Künstler</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Ludwig Fahrenkrog - Racial Artist</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/sexualitat-und-geschlecht-im-dritten.html" target="_blank">Sexualität und Geschlecht im Dritten Reich</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Sexuality and Gender in the Third Reich</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Nietzsche and Race</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">National Socialism and the World of Tomorrow</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://petersracialobserver.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/die-arischen-helden.html" target="_blank">Die arischen Held</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">the Aryan Hero</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Future of the West</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">'<i>It is my ultimate aim to perform an act of creation, a divine operation,</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>the goal of a biological mutation which will result in an unprecedented exaltation of the human race, and the appearance of a new race of heroes, demi-gods and god-men.</i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>My party comrades have no conception of the dreams that haunt my mind, or of the grandiose edifice of which the foundations, (grundlagen) at least, will have been laid before I die. </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The world has reached a turning point, and will undergo an upheaval which the uninitiated cannot understand.</i>'</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Adolf Hitler</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--ehS2qocvJQ/VUTzfs0AcmI/AAAAAAAAMgw/5CvmCaotr_U/s1600/Rasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BAdler%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="123" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--ehS2qocvJQ/VUTzfs0AcmI/AAAAAAAAMgw/5CvmCaotr_U/s1600/Rasse%2BBeobachter%2B-%2BAdler%2B-%2BPeter%2BCrawford%2B2015.png" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Völkischer Beobachter</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The 'Völkischer Beobachter' was the newspaper of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) from 1920.The National Socialist German Workers' Party, abbreviated NSDAP), was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Its predecessor, the German Workers' Party (DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The party's leader since 1921, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(It should be noted that 'Nazi' is a slang insult, similar to the slang insults used to describe Jewish and black people, and in this '<i>politically correct</i>' age, its use should not be permitted.)</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">For twenty-five years it formed part of the official public face of the NSDAP.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LEMU6xpow-U/UgrMeAvkY3I/AAAAAAAAIng/7UExnaqtS3M/s1600/Thule+Gesellschaft+Emblem+-+Occult+History+of+the+Third+Reich.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LEMU6xpow-U/UgrMeAvkY3I/AAAAAAAAIng/7UExnaqtS3M/s200/Thule+Gesellschaft+Emblem+-+Occult+History+of+the+Third+Reich.png" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Thule Gesellschaft<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 12.600000381469727px;">© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bWJf0UqOIuc/UgrM1qUp6eI/AAAAAAAAIno/RoY2HPIuWjg/s1600/Dietrich+Eckart+-+Portrait+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bWJf0UqOIuc/UgrM1qUp6eI/AAAAAAAAIno/RoY2HPIuWjg/s200/Dietrich+Eckart+-+Portrait+-+Occult+History+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford+.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The 'Kampfblatt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Großdeutschlands' ("fighting paper of the National Socialist movement of Greater Germany) had its origin in the Münchner Beobachter ("Munich Observer"), which in 1918 was acquired by the Thule Gesellschaft, and in August 1919 was renamed Völkischer Beobachter.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Thule-Gesellschaft (Thule Society), originally the 'Studiengruppe für germanisches Altertum' ("Study Group for Germanic Antiquity"), was a German occultist and völkisch group founded by Felix Niedner, the German translator of the Elder Norse Eddas, in 1910.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The NSDAP purchased it in December 1920 on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who became the first editors.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dietrich Eckart (23 March 1868 – 26 December 1923) was a German journalist and politician who, together with Adolf Hitler, was one of the early key members of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), and a participant of the 1923 Munich Putsch.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In 1921, Adolf Hitler acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication.</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C36ChOelccY/UgtGcsyDQWI/AAAAAAAAIrg/dD4WMpEyHVI/s1600/Zeitungsleser+-+Otto+Kirchner+%25281887+%25E2%2580%2593+1960%2529+-+Third+Reich+-+National+Socialism+-+Peter+Crawford.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C36ChOelccY/UgtGcsyDQWI/AAAAAAAAIrg/dD4WMpEyHVI/s200/Zeitungsleser+-+Otto+Kirchner+(1887+%E2%80%93+1960)+-+Third+Reich+-+National+Socialism+-+Peter+Crawford.png" width="147" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000 but increased to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during the Occupation of the Ruhr.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In that year Alfred Rosenberg became editor.</span><br />
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jCHErXEeVSY/Ug1wSwq3XXI/AAAAAAAAJGM/K9btmV7TDD0/s1600/Hitler+reads+the+V%25C3%25B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jCHErXEeVSY/Ug1wSwq3XXI/AAAAAAAAJGM/K9btmV7TDD0/s200/Hitler+reads+the+V%C3%B6lkischer+Beobachter+-+rasse+-+National+Socialism+-+Third+Reich+-+Peter+Crawford.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Munich Putsch of 9 November 1923, the paper also had to cease publication, which resumed however on the party's re-foundation on 26 February 1925.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The circulation rose along with the success of the NSDAP, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931 and 1.7 million by 1944.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This blog reviews various aspects of the racial (Völkisch) philosophy, with a particular focus on aesthetics, philosophy, biology and race, which emerged in the 19th Century, and reached its fullest expression in Germany during the Third Reich.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">all text - unless otherwise stated - © Copyright Peter Crawford 2015</span></blockquote>
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